1859, on what grounds did the Qing dynasty refuse the British and French fleets to enter Dagu? What was the purpose of Britain's invasion of China in the Opium War and the war between Britain and France? The answer to the first question is: after the signing of the Tianjin Treaty, the British and French allied forces withdrew from Tianjin and the coastal areas went south one after another. Emperor Xianfeng was worried about the content of the Treaty, which led Gui Liang and others to negotiate with the representatives of Britain and France to amend the Tianjin Treaty, cancel the terms of envoys' stay in Beijing, inland travel and Neijiang trade, and tried to prevent Britain and France from changing the Treaty in Beijing. 165438+ 10, Gui Liang and other representatives of Britain, France and the United States signed the Treaty on the Restoration of Trade Regulations, stipulating that the opium trade should be legalized; Customs levies taxes on import and export goods at the current price of 100% and 5%; Foreign goods are transported and sold in the mainland, only paying 2.5% sub-tax, and all domestic taxes are exempted; Hire an Englishman to help with customs and taxes. However, Britain and France are not allowed to amend the terms of the Tianjin Treaty, and insist on amending the Treaty in Beijing.

The British and French governments were far from satisfied with the privileges seized from the Tianjin Treaty, and deliberately used the opportunity of exchanging contracts to provoke war again. 1In June, 859, British Minister Proust, French Minister Boolean Brown and American Minister John Eliott Ward of Dagu Fort during the Second Opium War rejected Gui Liang's proposal to exchange contracts in Shanghai, and each led a fleet to Dagukou in an attempt to deter the Qing government from exchanging the ratification documents of the Tianjin Treaty by force. The Qing government fortified Dagu and ordered Hengfu, the governor of Zhili, to send a note to the British and French envoys, specifying to land in Beitang and go to Beijing to change the contract via Tianjin. Their entourage shall not exceed 20 people and shall not carry weapons.

The British and French envoys flatly rejected the arrangement of the Qing government and insisted on returning to Beijing by the fleet through Dagukou. On June 25th, British Navy Commander Herb led 12 warship from Lanjiangsha to Haikou. At 3 o'clock in the afternoon, Herb ordered the British and French allied forces to attack Dagu Fort. Under the command of Senggelinqin, the Qing army bravely resisted and fought back, and the fighting was extremely fierce. Shi Rongchun, the magistrate of Zhili, and Ruyuan, the deputy commander of the Drum Club, took the lead and were killed successively. Due to the sufficient firepower and proper tactics of the Qing army, the enemy ship 10 was sunk and injured, killing nearly 500 enemy soldiers, and the commander of the British fleet, Herb, was seriously injured. The British and French allied forces suffered a crushing defeat, which was the only victory of the Qing army since the Opium War.

The answer to the second question is that after the First Opium War, western capitalist powers invaded the Second Jin Dynasty one after another: China, the chief culprit of the Yuanmingyuan fire, was the plenipotentiary of Britain. However, they are not satisfied with the privileges and benefits they have obtained, and deliberately step up their violation of China's sovereignty and economic plunder. 1854, the 12th anniversary of the signing of treaty of nanking. Britain misinterpreted the provisions of the Wang Xia Treaty 12 years later that trade and sea areas could be slightly changed, invoked MFN treatment, and demanded that the Qing government completely revise the treaty of nanking. The main contents are as follows: trade throughout China, legalization of opium trade, exemption of import and export goods from customs duties, and the presence of foreign minister in Beijing. France and the United States also requested to amend the treaty respectively. The Qing government refused and the negotiations were fruitless. 1856, the Wang Xia treaty expired for 12 years. With the support of Britain and France, the United States once again asked for a comprehensive revision of the treaty, but it was still rejected by the Qing government. Therefore, the western powers are determined to launch a new war of aggression against China.