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Hanyang Iron Works-Forgotten Steel Dragon

The century-old Hanyeping Company carries Qiang Bing's dream of becoming a rich country and the determination of the Chinese nation's modernization, and is also regarded by the west as the awakening of China.

A symbol of. However, after 58 years of tortuous development, it was finally lost in the dust of history. It can be said that its prosperity is also rich, and its decline is also sudden.

Zhang Zhidong; Sheng Xuanhuai; Hanyang Iron Works; Hanyeping Company; Guo Fu; Qiang Bing

"misty rain, turtles and snakes lock the river." Under the majestic Wuhan Yangtze River Bridge,

The statue of an old man with a beard stands there alone. Anyone who is familiar with the history of Wuhan knows that.

It is Zhang Zhidong. Behind him, it is the earliest official steel enterprise in China's modern industrial history.

The former industrial site-Hanyang Iron Works (the predecessor of Hanyeping Company).

In an economically backward feudal country, the emergence and development of modern iron and steel industry.

Exhibition is usually considered as an important period of the country's transition to capitalist modernization.

A symbol of meaning. 1890 hanyang iron works and later hanyeping coal and iron works were established.

The establishment of the company was the largest steel trust in Asia at that time, which was founded by the West.

As a symbol of China's self-improvement. But it finally landed in semi-feudal and semi-colonial old China.

But it went into decline.

First, the era of Hanyang Iron Works

1889, Zhang Zhidong was transferred to general manager of Huguang, in charge of Luhan Railway (Han Jing Railway).

The governor began his series of modernization reforms. Zhang Zhidong's "Hubei New Deal",

Hubei has experienced a modern rise. On the establishment of Zhang Zhidong in Hubei

In many industries, Hanyang Iron Works is undoubtedly the most important and influential one. 189 1 year

In June, Zhang presided over the construction of Hanyang Iron Works in Dabie Mountain, Hubei Province, and/kloc-0 was completed in June, 893.

Put into production. The whole plant includes pig iron plant, Bessemer steel plant, Ximenshi steel plant, rail plant and steel plant.

Products factory, iron art factory and other six major factories and machinery factory, cast iron factory, blacksmith factory, fish hook nail factory.

Factory and four other small factories. In addition, there are Daye Tieshan mining machine and ore transportation railway leading to Huangshi.

Port, Hanyang land and water terminals, as well as Maanshan and Sanshi Wang coal mine projects, are of great scale.

Its expected output is 65,438+000 tons of pig iron per day and 65,438+000 tons of fine steel and wrought iron per year.

The output is over 30,000 tons [1].

At the beginning of the factory, it was difficult, and it was quite difficult to choose a site only. According to time

In fact, large iron and steel enterprises are located near the raw material producing areas or near coal mines.

Mining, or near iron ore, was very popular in the Qing court at that time because of its convenient materials and saving money.

Many ministers also suggested this. For example, Li Hongzhang suggested setting up a factory near the coal mine at that time, but

There are no big coal mines in Hubei. Sheng Xuanhuai, another official of the Qing court, suggested setting up a factory in Huang.

Stone, near Daye Iron Mine, but inconvenient for inspectors. Finally, after careful consideration,

It is decided that coal and iron are not dependent on each other, and the site is located in Dabie Mountain (namely Guishan Mountain) in Hanyang.

After site selection, the biggest problem is financial difficulties, especially in economy.

Economically, it did not get more support from the Qing government. In desperation, Zhang Zhidong had to travel east.

Walking around, borrowing money everywhere, and even intercepting military expenses and funds payable to meet the expenses of setting up factories.

He listened to it almost every week for two years from 1892 1 month when the iron works officially started.

Get a progress report of the iron works, and appoint cronies to supervise. After formal production, coke

The problem of carbon supply has been puzzling the normal operation of ironworks. Before the iron works were put into production, there was no

I found a reliable fuel base for myself. Although Zhang Zhidong sent officials before setting up the factory

He has been to Hunan, Hubei, Sichuan and Jiangxi and discovered Pingxiang coal.

Rich mineral reserves and excellent texture, but due to the distance from Hanyang, transportation is difficult, plus

Most of the coal mines detected in Hunan, Hubei and Sichuan have poor coal quality or shallow reserves.

It didn't work, which led to the iron works being forced to shut down soon.

Hanyang Iron Works was completed and put into operation, surpassing Hachiba Iron Works, the first steel enterprise in Japan.

Seven years ago, it was the largest steel complex in Asia at that time, second only to Fell in Germany.

Klingen Iron and Steel Plant, ranked second in the world, was called "the hero of the East" by public opinion at that time.

Factory "[2]. However, it is actually useless. Hanyang Iron Works has been completed and put into operation to 1895.

In 2000, the total investment in silver reached more than 5.88 million yuan, and the steel products produced were sold to get silver.

24,825 yuan, accounting for 1.55% of the two-year expenditure. Steel mills need to be bigger to continue.

The amount of money, at a time when the Qing government had just been defeated in the Sino-Japanese War, the compensation of 230 million taels of silver had been

After making the Qing government unsustainable, it was even more difficult to allocate funds for the iron works, so the iron works found another place.

The way out has become an inevitable choice. 1895, the Qing government issued the Investment Commitment Letter.

This instruction just provides a way out for the development of iron works.

On April 1896, 1 1, Hanyang Iron Works was officially changed into an official governor's commercial office, and the contractor was

Sheng Xuanhuai, the most capable Westernization Minister in the late Qing Dynasty. At this time, Sheng Xuanhuai was at

During the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, the public funds for embezzling and purchasing rations were illegally used by Yushi. In order to avoid responsibility, he

Taking the opportunity to invest in Zhang Zhidong, Zhang Zhidong's idea of expecting foreign investors to undertake it was met.

The whole country unanimously opposed it, so we had to hand it over to Sheng Xuanhuai.

Second, set up Hanyeping Company.

After Sheng Xuanhuai took over Hanyang Iron Works, in order to solve the problem of serious shortage of funds, one

Fully mobilize private capital, formulate investment regulations and provide various preferential measures. return

Cheng said, "Let's draw up one million taels of silver first, and one hundred taels will still be one share. be self-reliant

The interest rate will be raised by 8% every year from the first year to the fourth year, and by 1 point from the fifth year. this is

The old businessmen in our factory must get special treatment. If there is no effect, the amount of interest will not be short, and it will be successful.

Efficiency and profit more than doubled. Later, the gas bureau became rich and the stock price went up. At this time, it is necessary to push the stock up.

Let the old merchants admit the old tickets for inspection first, and then allow the inclusion of new shares to encourage the old merchants.

Du Xin's habit of becoming more skillful in business. "[3] On the other hand, he used personal relationships to mobilize the wheels he controlled.

Enterprise funds such as China Shipping Merchants and Telegraph Bureau are used as the initial funds for setting up factories.

After the official supervision and commercial operation, the biggest problem of iron works is the lack of coke and coal. Due to Pingxiang coal

Because the coke technology was not up to standard and the quality was unstable, the coke used by the Korean factory at that time mainly came from

Goods from Kaiping Coal Mine and Britain are extremely expensive. So Zhang Zhidong and Sheng Xuanhuai joined forces.

The Qing government rectified Pingxiang coal mine and prohibited other companies and small coal plants from producing coal.

It was acquired by Pingxiang Coal Mine General Administration. In the development of Pingxiang coal mine, Sheng Xuanhuai has been widely used.

Absorbing private capital has basically solved the funding problem. After a series of rectification and opening up

Development, introduction of various new mining machinery, Pingxiang coal mine scale gradually expanded to 1907.

In, Pingxiang Coal Mine's infrastructure project was completed, producing coal 1300 tons and coking coal 780 tons day and night.

Tons, basically solved the fuel supply problem of Hanyang Iron Works.

However, the poor and weak late Qing Dynasty lacked capital to establish modern enterprises.

Problems often run through the whole process, and it is impossible to reverse this trend by treating the symptoms rather than the root cause. and

Hanchang and Pingkuang have not paid dividends for ten years since the official supervision and business office. Has been in business for many years.

Sheng Xuanhuai, who is experienced in modern enterprises, knows that "the attached shares are decreasing, and only ask whether (the enterprise) is beneficial."

Profit "[4], to 1907, the operation of factories and mines shows that Han factory is losing money, and Pingkuang is profitable and social.

It was generally believed at the meeting that "ironmaking is not as fast as coal mining" [5]. In dealing with this contradiction,

Sheng Xuanhuai's countermeasure is to "merge Pingxiang's favorable coal mines into Hanyang's loss-making iron works, and then.

You can invest more in stocks "[6]. After obtaining Zhang Zhidong, an important official of the Qing Central Committee, and Zhao Er, then governor of Huguang,

With the support of Xun, Sheng Xuanhuai was established in February of Guangxu thirty-four years.

Commercial Hanye Pingmei Iron Company. Since then, the company has changed from official supervision to commercial operation. although

The problem is very serious, but by the eve of the Revolution of 1911, the company had more than 7,000 employees for one year.

It produced nearly 70,000 tons of steel, 500,000 tons of iron ore and 600,000 tons of coal, accounting for the annual steel output of the Qing government.

More than 90%.

Third, the destruction of dragons.

As mentioned earlier, after Sheng Xuanhuai took over Hanyang Iron Works, he encountered difficulties in raising funds.

Difficult, in addition to widely absorbing private capital, plus borrowing funds from banks and enterprises.

In addition, Sheng Xuanhuai was forced to resort to foreign loans. From 1898 to Huatai Bank, Germany

Li, the agent, borrowed 4 million marks (about 1.329 million taels of silver) from the foreign firm.

Sheng Xuanhuai borrowed a lot from foreign banks, among which the Japanese had the greatest influence on the company.

Capital. The reason why the company was released was because Japan invaded most heavily in the form of debt.

Important reasons. It can be said that Sheng began to borrow money from foreign countries to set up factories for future companies.

Bankruptcy has laid a curse.

1904, Industrial Bank of Japan began to provide loans of 3 million yen. Kerry

It is not ordinary businessmen who contact and negotiate with the company, but the Japanese Consul General in Shanghai.

Oda Giri, Masunosuke. Moreover, all actions of Oda Jiri outside Japan are strictly observed.

Instructions from the Ministry of Finance. Not only that, according to relevant disclosures, Japan' s major loan to Hanchang was made by

This move was approved by the Japanese cabinet meeting and ruled by the Prime Minister of the Cabinet. Japan

Most of the loans to China, especially this time to Hanchang, came from Japan.

The funds of the Ministry of Finance, the Industrial Bank of Japan is only a nominal handler [7].

It is not difficult for us to understand from here that the main purpose of the 3 million yen loan provided by Japan is

The purpose is to control Daye iron mine for a long time to ensure the needs of its emerging steel industry.

Reliable supply of raw materials.

1905 After the Russo-Japanese War, Japan's influence on the iron and steel industry was related to the munitions industry.

Demand has further increased. Japan, lacking its own raw materials, stepped up its plunder of China. sun

In June of 5438+09 10, the government sent Sukejiro Nakamura, director of the iron works, to China and Sheng Xuanhuai.

The main content of secret negotiation [8] is that the company can supply high quality and low price more effectively.

Pig iron and ore. By the end of March, 19 1 1 formally signed the contract that "the value of pig iron borrowed in advance is just right".

Same ". Through this loan contract, Hanyeping Company will sell about 10% to Japan every year.

Ten thousand tons of pig iron [9], the price agreed that "the price per ton of pig iron is twenty-six yuan per day". so far

The Japanese army's containment of Hanyeping Company was further strengthened. It enables companies to arrange

When producing pig iron and iron ore, we should first consider the demand of Japan.

Only after the surplus can we supply the raw material demand of the company's production units. Cheap ore and

The price of pig iron has seriously damaged the interests of the company. With the outbreak of the First World War

With the development, steel consumption has increased sharply, the market is in short supply and the price has soared. However, the loan contract price shall prevail.

Japan's low-cost acquisition has not changed, although the company has repeatedly negotiated and finally

Not much change. After the end of the First World War, the price of steel fell in the international market, which

The brief wartime prosperity of Hanyeping Company was quickly swept away. Daily debts of the company

The greater the accumulation, the greater the benefits. At this point, Han Yeping, who is good at steelmaking and ironmaking,

The company is dying and has become a colony that only mines iron ore for Japan.

Enterprise. On February1948 16, the assets of Hanyeping Company were cleared and handed over.

Liang, from then on, the steel dragon that enjoys the "Oriental Male Factory" in the world industry woke up.

The end of.

Looking back at the tragic history of Han Yeping, we can't just blame the Japanese Empire.

Socialist economic plunder, imagine in a semi-feudal and semi-colonial society, in a poor and weak

In countries without independent status, there is no independent market circle in turmoil.

In 2000, the survival and development of commercial enterprises, as well as the revitalization and development of national industries.

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