India's economy ranks among the top in the world. In 200 1 year, India's gross national product reached 22 trillion rupees, about 500 billion US dollars, ranking 1 1 in the world. The per capita GNP has increased from 40 dollars at independence to nearly 500 dollars at present. According to the purchasing power parity method, India's gross national product in 200 1 year has reached 250 thousand pounds. The per capita GNP is $2,500. The former has the problem of underestimation and the latter has the problem of overestimation. Generally speaking, the current level of development should be between $800 and 1500 per capita. In the gross national product, the proportion of agricultural added value decreased from 56.5% in 1950 to 25% in 2000, while the proportion of industry and service industry also decreased from 1500 respectively.
India has established a complete modern industrial system and national economic system. The self-sufficiency rate of industrial equipment increased from 10% in the early days of independence to 90%, the self-sufficiency rate of industrial products reached 80%, and the self-sufficiency rate of military equipment reached over 70%. Consumer goods in the domestic market are mainly made in China, and complete sets of equipment for manufacturing and power stations such as textiles, sugar, steel and chemical fiber can be exported abroad. Through the implementation of land reform and the promotion of the "green revolution", India's grain output has greatly increased from 55 million tons in the early 1950s to 200 million tons in 2000. At the end of 200 1 year, the grain reserve was close to 60 million tons. The output of rice ranks second in the world, that of wheat ranks fourth, that of cotton ranks third and that of tea ranks first.
In the past 20 years, India's foreign economic development has obviously accelerated. The total import and export volume increased from 1980 to 193 billion dollars to nearly 100 billion dollars in 200 1 year. Foreign investment in India has rapidly expanded from 190 108 billion US dollars to 59 billion US dollars in 200 1 year. By the end of 200 1 month, the balance of * * foreign debt was 1004 billion US dollars, of which long-term debt accounted for 97%. Foreign exchange reserves have also increased substantially, reaching $620,265,438+billion in mid-September 2002.
After independence, India has invested heavily in the development of science and technology, and now it has entered the ranks of world science and technology powers. It ranks in the forefront of the third world in atomic energy research and application, space technology, computers and software, biology, solar energy application and cutting-edge science. A complete production system from nuclear fuel exploration, mining, refining, heavy water production, reactors to nuclear waste disposal has been established, with 14 nuclear power plants and 9 heavy water plants. There are also eight nuclear power plants under construction. The development of computer and software technology is world-famous. Biotechnology has developed from traditional brewing, food processing and drug production to modern genetic engineering, animal and plant cell synthesis, enzyme application, bio-metallurgy and cloning technology.
(A) adhere to the independent road of economic development
1. Eradicate the remnants of the colonial economic system. Before independence, the Indian economy was in the hands of British capital. After independence, the Indian government took over the key sectors of national economic development such as railways, ports, airports, posts and telecommunications, and mines. Through the strict "localization" policy for foreign-funded enterprises, foreign capital dominated by British capital is excluded from controlling the Indian economy, and the import substitution strategy is implemented. Strictly control imports through high tariffs and licensing systems, and break the monopoly of foreign goods such as Britain on the Indian market. With the completion of the industrial system and the improvement of the self-sufficiency rate of industrial products, the Indian government clearly stipulates that all products that China has produced or can produce are generally not allowed to be imported to protect national industries and prevent foreign goods from entering the Indian market.
2. Realize the independence of science and technology. Successive Indian governments have attached great importance to the development of science and technology and adopted the following measures: First, the implementation of higher education first, quickly trained a large number of high-tech talents, providing a solid talent base for the development of science and technology. It is said that India now has 3.4 million scientific and technological personnel, ranking third in the world. With the development of basic education, the national literacy rate increased from 16% before independence to 65.38% in 2006. Second, a complete system of scientific research institutions, including universities, state governments and enterprise research institutions, has been established to provide organizational guarantee for promoting scientific and technological autonomy. Third, the investment in scientific and technological research and development has been expanding. During the first seven five-year plans alone, the government's investment in science and technology increased by 490 times. At the same time, encourage enterprises to increase investment in research and development. At present, India has invested nearly 200 billion rupees in research and development, accounting for about 0.9% of GDP. Fourth, pay attention to the introduction, digestion, absorption and innovation of foreign advanced technology.
3. Implement a capital formation strategy based on domestic capital. After independence, India's economic development mainly depends on domestic capital. The national savings rate has greatly increased from 8.9% in 1950 to 25% in 200 1, and is expected to further increase to 29.8% in 2007. India has established a relatively developed banking system and capital market, with 78 commercial banks and 78 commercial banks. There are 23 stock exchanges in China, with more than 9,000 listed companies, and newly issued shares can raise 65 billion to 70 billion rupees every year. Indian capital market is the largest among developing China countries, and the types of stock transactions are also the largest among developing China countries. In terms of utilizing foreign capital, we will persist in indirect utilization, strive for preferential loans and foreign official assistance, and the proportion of foreign capital will generally not exceed 10%.
4. Establish a domestic demand-oriented development model. After independence, India successfully broke the monopoly and control of foreign goods on the Indian market, built a large number of tangible markets for investment goods and consumer goods, and built a national commodity circulation network system. Promote the development of urban and rural markets. It is estimated that there are more than/kloc-0.00 million market brokers, wholesalers, warehouses, transporters and retailers engaged in the circulation of various consumer goods. The network operates in about 3,800 towns and 500,000 villages. It is said that there are about 300 million middle classes in India, and their purchasing power keeps growing steadily, which is the main driving force for the stable development and structural upgrading of the consumer goods market. 70% of India's population still lives in rural areas, and the market demand has also increased rapidly in recent years.
(2) Give play to the leading role of the state in economic development.
After India's independence, on the basis of backward colonial economic system and abnormal market economy, it chose the state-led mixed economic system, which proved to be successful in practice.
1. A powerful State Planning Commission has been established to implement effective strategic management and planning guidance for the country's economic development. 1950 In March, India established the National Planning Commission. The chairman of the State Planning Commission is also the Prime Minister of the government. The total budget funds held by the National Planning Commission of India and used through planning arrangements accounted for 4%-5% of GDP in the same period. The National Planning Commission of India can consider the economic development facing India strategically. It has the ability to conduct mandatory planning control on state-owned economic activities through ministries and commissions of the central government and state governments, and make guiding planning adjustments on non-governmental economic activities, so as to make the national economic development meet the requirements of the national strategy.
In addition, the National Planning Commission of India often formulates and implements relevant important policies and measures to guide the development of the whole social economy, mainly including: land reform and green revolution in agriculture; Give priority to the development of heavy industry and basic industry; Vigorously develop the state-owned economy and support the development of the private economy; Implementing import substitution strategy to protect domestic industries; Formulate and implement information technology action plan to promote the development of software industry.
2. Vigorously develop state-owned enterprises and give full play to the leading role of state-owned enterprises in the process of national economic development. After independence, there are three main ways for India to establish and develop state-owned enterprises: one is to nationalize the property occupied by the British colonial government; Second, through nationalization measures to redeem domestic and foreign private capital enterprises in India and turn them into state-owned enterprises; Third, make use of state financial expenditure and foreign aid (mainly Soviet aid) through the five-year plan. The new enterprise is directly established by the government. The investment of state-owned enterprises affiliated to the central government soared from195129 million rupees to1991.1324.4 rupees, and the number of central enterprises increased from 5 to 246. State-owned enterprises owned by Indian state governments have increased from 565438+ to