The rapid development of Japan's economy after World War II was restricted by the unbalanced law of imperialist political and economic development, and it appeared under specific domestic and international conditions. From the international environment, the period from the mid-1950s to the mid-1970s was a period of great development of the world capitalist economy. The output of oil, industrial raw materials and agricultural products in the world market has surged, and the supply is sufficient and the price is low, which provides extremely favorable raw material conditions for resource-poor Japan. At the same time, the newly independent countries and other developing countries after the war also urgently demand to buy all kinds of machinery and equipment from the international market in order to develop their own industries and make Japanese industrial products have a broad world market; Japan took advantage of the advantages of other developed capitalist countries, and its economic strength first occupied the Southeast Asian market, and on this basis, it continued to expand the world market. The favorable international environment is also manifested in the support of the United States. In the early postwar period, a large number of various forms of "aid" and "loans" from the United States became an important source of funds for Japan's economic development; Because of the American invasion of Korea and the Indian zhina War, the military orders to Japan increased sharply, which is also an extremely important "nourishment" for the rapid recovery and development of Japan's economy, and accumulated funds for Japan's economic development by earning war money. The international favorable environment also lies in the fact that the post-war coincides with the third scientific and technological revolution in the world. Although Japan's industrial equipment was destroyed or very old in the war, it actively introduced advanced technology from Europe and America and quickly updated equipment after the war, thus improving labor productivity more quickly. However, the smooth development of Japan's economy mainly depends on domestic conditions. First of all, Japan has a solid economic foundation, and its pre-war economic development rate was higher than that of other capitalist countries. Secondly, Japan has always attached importance to talent development and education, giving full play to its advantages of rich human resources with high cultural and scientific quality, and its advantages of lower wages than those of European and American countries, so that its products are of high quality and low price, thus having strong competitiveness in the international market. Third, Japan's geographical environment and geographical advantages are also a major driving force for its economic development. In particular, the geographical location of the island countries and the excellent harbors along the Pacific Ocean have been used to reclaim land from the sea, build large industrial bases, dig deep-water ports, and extensively build professional docks, so that large oil tankers and special ships for mineral materials can drive straight in, which provides convenient conditions for importing a large number of needed raw materials and fuels from abroad at low freight rates and exporting a large number of finished products, which is very important for Japan, a country mainly engaged in processing trade. Fourth, it is generally believed that the Japanese people live frugally and have a very high savings rate, which has accumulated funds for the national economic development and promoted their own economic development. Fifth, after the war, Japan's military expenditure was small (accounting for less than 1% of its fiscal expenditure), which was conducive to concentrating manpower, financial resources and material resources to develop the economy. In addition, in the early post-war period, Japan carried out some political and economic reforms and its political situation was relatively stable. Successive governments have attached importance to scientific economic management, implemented various economic development policies, and built public facilities. These have effectively promoted the rapid development of Japan's economy.
Japan is a resource-poor country and a defeated country in World War II. But after the war, Japan's economic development
Soon, it went through four stages. I. Economic recovery period (1945- 1955). 1945
On August 5, 2008, Japan accepted the Potsdam Declaration and declared its surrender. The war destroyed 42% of Japan's territory.
National wealth, lost the colony. At that time, the economy was in chaos, prices soared and a large number of people were unemployed.
Inflation. Under the great influence of the occupying forces, the Japanese government put forward the idea of "increasing production to make peace"
Interest rate inflation, national life stability "policy, economic and social democratization reform.
1949 inflation basically stabilized, 1959 economy began to recover, 1953 was close to pre-war water.
Ping. The second is the period of rapid growth (1955- 1973). /kloc-gross national product in 0/8 years.
It has increased by 12.5 times, and the per capita national income has increased by 10 times, with an average annual growth rate of 9.8%. 1966 chase
It surpassed Britain, 1967 surpassed France, and 1968 surpassed West Germany, second only to capitalist countries.
As a new giant in Asia, the United States has attracted the attention of global economic circles and is called "the miracle of the world economy"
Trace ". The third is the medium-fast growth period (1974- 199 1 year). Hit by two oil crises, Japan
The economy has entered a period of medium-speed growth. Japan's economy, which was founded by trade, was forced to accelerate its industrial structure.
The structural adjustment of the group and heavy chemical industry turned to knowledge-intensive product structure. During this period, the gross national product grew at an average annual rate of 4.
.3%, half of the high-speed growth period. Fourth, the economic crisis at the end of the 20th century. Enter 1992
In, Japan's bubble economy burst and an economic crisis occurred. The actual GNP increased from 1992 to 1998 every year.
The growth rate is only 1%, of which 1997 and 1998 are negative growth, but they are still the world economy.
Big country.
There are many reasons for the rapid rise and take-off of Japan's economy after the war. International conditions will naturally not.
Ignore. As far as Japan's domestic factors are concerned, Japan's AOTS organizations have successfully developed Japan's economy.
An important reason comes down to "the coordinated relationship among government, industry and labor, and technological innovation in a broad sense."
New, the quality and quantity of labor, entrepreneurship, savings and economic policy. Tokyo
Professor Hashimoto Shoulang analyzed the management of Japanese enterprises in his book "Post-war Japanese Economy".
Target: (with the description in figure 1
Attachment: (Chart 1)
The most valuable business goal (unit:%)
1972197519801985 new product development 24.6 20.4 38.7 57.4 expanding the market share of existing main products 45.43438+0 33.8 1 2.7 coordination with regional society 0.6. 0. 2. 0. 0. 0. 0 export, strengthening overseas institutions 1.5 3.2 620.0 0.2 0.0 0.2 self-owned capital enrichment 5.5 8.0 5.0 1.0.
This time, I participated in the seminar on Japanese market economy organized by the Central Organization Department. By attending classes,
Field visits by government agencies and enterprises and non-governmental exchanges have made strong contributions to the technological innovation of Japanese economic entities.
The new pursuit has a further feeling; General Secretary Jiang proposed that "innovation is the soul of a nation".
Have a further understanding; Building China's technological innovation system and promoting the scientific and technological progress of the whole society.
With further thinking.
First, the characteristics of technological innovation in Japanese economic entities
Japan's economic entities mainly refer to the government, enterprises and families.
The technological innovation of economic subjects is a broad sense of technological innovation. Refers to Japanese economic entities from their respective
Different angles and levels revolve around a common goal-market economy competition and economy.
Adapt to the requirements of international competition and promote technological progress. It is characterized in that:
1, long term. After the war, Japan's economy moved from recovery to revitalization, and the economic behavior of its economic subjects
Long-term and stable commitment to promoting technological innovation. Technological innovation runs through the whole process of each period.
It can be said that you are unwilling to give up, and you often make unremitting efforts.
According to the data of the Survey Report on Scientific and Technological Research of the Statistics Bureau of the General Affairs Office of Japan, research and
Development fund (R&; D) 1975 is 3 trillion yen, and 1 1989 is10.8 trillion yen, which is stable every year.
Grow up. From 199 1 to 1994, it went up another step, reaching 13. 1 ~ 13.9 trillion yen. 1995
~ 1996 rose to 14.4 ~ 14.9 trillion yen. During the period of 2 1 year from 1975 to 1996, Japan
R&D Fund (R&; D) It has increased fourfold, with an average annual increase of 65,438+09%. Its share of GDP
The specific gravity was 1.95% in 1975 and 2.96% in 1996, which increased by 1.0 1 percentage point in 2 1 year.
Point.
Japan's AOTS organization analyzes Japan's technology strategy like this: "Japan's technology strategy foundation."
This book has a positive innovative intention, so we can say that we often pay attention to absorbing foreign innovative technologies. special
It was a period after the Second World War, far behind Europe and America. Through joint ventures and technology transfer,
Rental, technical cooperation, etc. Pay great attention to technology catch-up. "
2. Forward-looking. Japanese economic entities give priority to and highlight the development of science and technology.
The economic development strategy has developed from education to trade and science and technology.
Experienced the evolution of "trilogy". The Ministry of Science and Technology is under the direct control of the Prime Minister's Office. Since 1975
According to data analysis, Japan's R&D expenditure growth was higher than GDP growth in that year, which was a rigid reason.
Then. Compared with western developed countries, R&; The funds in d 1975 are similar to those in Germany, Britain and France.
, are 2 ~ 3 trillion yen, but since 1979, it has obviously opened a distance with Germany, Britain and France.
Gap. 1995, Japan R &；; D expenditure is 3.2 times that of Britain, and 65438+ 0.76 times that of Germany and France.
5.9 times. The gap with the United States is also narrowing. 1975, the United States was 7.6 trillion yen higher than Japan.
1995 only increased by 2.8 trillion yen. We paid attention to these large enterprises in the field research of Asahi-machi workshop.
Industry and large groups are not only committed to improving quality and innovating service system, but also rely on science and technology.
Step by step to create a 100% pollution-free chemical plant, and strive to meet the requirements of sustainable economic development in 2 1 century.
3. progressiveness. Japan's technological innovation after World War II is a gradual process. During this period, have you experienced it?
In the same period, there were different technological innovation contents and different supporting policies, and the implementation was very strong. war
After Japan's economic recovery, it began to devote itself to developing what was then called the world's advanced technology.
Heavy industry (steel, chemistry, machinery industry), as well as a large number of introduction and development of applicable new technologies,
Pursue large-scale production, improve labor productivity, and realize price and quality management as competitive means.
Internationalization of products. At that time, Japan also formulated policies for enterprise rationalization, industrial revitalization and emerging industries.
Policy. In the machinery industry, the production technology of small and medium-sized enterprises is relatively backward and the production equipment is aging. In order to revitalize the machinery industry, Japan has formulated the Law on Temporary Measures for Revitalizing the Machinery Industry, and accordingly formulated
Support policies. After the oil crisis, Japan's heavy chemical industry was severely challenged.
Promoting technological progress around "knowledge intensification of industrial structure" Mr Sakamoto Ban in Japan
The window of this book mentioned: "After the first oil crisis, compared with the raw material processing industry,
Japan pays more attention to the development of high-tech industries and realizes the application of electronic technology in a large number of commodities.
Production conversion. As a result, integrated circuits have replaced steel, which was once the pillar of Japan, and attracted much attention. "
Improve productivity by introducing automation equipment and computerization ","Strengthen advanced assembly industry (
International competitiveness of automobiles and electronic products. "In the meantime," due to the influence of technological innovation, from seventy.
Since 1990s, electrification, life engineering and new raw materials have developed rapidly as a wide range of technologies.
Development ". 1992, with the bursting of the bubble economy and the economic crisis, Japan further
Relax planning, adopt more flexible and free policies, increase government and financial support, and develop
Develop high-tech industries and promote the development of environmental protection, energy conservation and high-tech industries. such
The gradual technological progress conforms to the requirements of economic development in different periods and becomes the Japanese economy.
The driving force of economic development.
4. effectiveness. A notable feature of Japan's scientific and technological innovation is its emphasis on basic research.
At the same time, pay more attention to the development, application and popularization of practical new technologies. Technology and economy must be closely related.
Combination, otherwise, the economy will have no vitality. The purpose of adopting high technology is industrialization. famous book
The development of economy has created a stage for the progress of science and technology, which has further promoted the economy.
Economic development. There is a set of data that will let us understand what Japan's "takenism" is: on the basis of
Compared with the expenses of basic research and applied research and development research, the expenses of basic research in Japan account for 14.
. 1%, USA 15.2%, France/2 1%, Japan.
Is the highest, accounting for 85.9%, the United States is 84.8%, Germany is 78.9%, France is 79%. can
You see, Japan does not pay attention to basic research, but it has gained a lot in applied research and development research.
Li. From the personnel layout of knowledge structure, we can also see that Japan attaches importance to technological progress.
In Japan, we have seen that the automobile satellite positioning and navigation system has started large-scale commercial production and implementation.
After further understanding, it turns out that this technology was developed by the US military system, but in Japan.
This book has been commercialized and put into commercial use. AOTS organization is summarized by concurrent engineering method.
Practical characteristics of Japan's technological development: "The technological strength of Japanese enterprises is not only in production, but also in research."
The development stage is also very distinctive. The method of research and development also embodies the uniqueness of Japanese management.
Location. For example, Japanese companies believe that the research and development carried out by the team brings together collective creation, which is better than
It is more effective to rely solely on personal development. Research institutions in enterprises have close ties with the site, especially
It is not easy to arrange product research and production preparation at the same time. "
5. Integrity. Japan's technological innovation is promoted as a whole, and it is linked up and down to jointly promote science. politics
The government advocates building the country through science and technology, giving financial support, policy support and planning priority. we
The traditional industries in Kawaguchi City, saitama are casting parts and flowers. Adjust the industrial structure
Structure, the development of high-tech industries, Kawaguchi municipal government for national approval, the establishment of industrial concentration activities.
Sex area, the establishment of Kawaguchi city industrial revitalization commune. Support policies are also set, for example, setting a
Other financing, equipment fund for small and medium-sized enterprises is 500 million yen, and equipment fund for high-tech small and medium-sized enterprises is 15.
1 100 million yen, 30 million yen for new product development and revitalization. The traditional industry in Kobe is mainly food.
Products, steel, general machinery, conveying machinery, electric machinery and rubber industry. 1995
After the orphan earthquake, the municipal government set up three groups around the industrial revitalization plan. one
It is an industrial zone in Shen Xi, mainly composed of Shen Xi Industrial City and Kobe Advanced Science and Technology City. Shen Xi
The industrial city brings together new and booming industries centered on cutting-edge electronic machinery industry.
The planned area is 275 hectares and the government expenditure is 68 billion yen; There is a gathering place in Kobe cutting-edge science and technology city.
With terminal technology industry as the center and R&D industry as the goal, the planned area is 940,000 hectares.
The industry cost is 45 billion yen. The second is to revive the industrial zone, and the circulation system and industrial system are under construction.
A new industrial zone with R&D system, with a planned area of 245 hectares. The third is artificial island and Yuan.
An artificial island is mainly a comprehensive function of the city. In the process of training, we strongly feel that every
The local government has made unremitting efforts to promote innovation and creation, and promote the development of high and new technologies with clear objectives.
The strength is also great. As the main body of economy, enterprises do act as the main body of technological innovation.
Japan's economic development has contributed greatly. Japan1996 r&; D of the total funds, the industrial sector accounts for 74.
5%, government agencies accounted for 20%, universities accounted for 5%, and non-governmental research institutions accounted for 0. 5%.
We can see that industrial sectors, especially large companies and enterprises, have played a leading role in technological innovation. Zhongzhouzhou
As we all know, Japan's automobile industry started several decades later than Europe and America, but by 1980, Japan's automobile output.
The number exceeds the United States, ranking first in the world. 1990 Japan's automobile production accounts for 28% of the world, which is
In order to cope with the oil crisis and eliminate the environmental pollution caused by automobiles, Japan has continuously developed competitive products.
A new type of automobile with less exhaust pollution, low fuel consumption and high degree of automation. Such as: Toyota company
R&D has gone global, with first-class facilities and first-class talents in the United States, Europe and China.
There are only technology development centers and design centers. Toyota has 27 main offices in China, specializing in
There are four R&D institutions. There are 49,600 employees in 27 efficient companies, specializing in research and development; D
The number of personnel is 4380, accounting for 8.8%. Toyota established Toyota University of Technology in Showa in 1956.
Cultivate technical talents. This company has truly achieved "no one has me, and people have me new". We often
Enterprises are required to develop new products by trial production, storage and production. The image is that
"Eat one in your mouth, hold one in your hand and think one in your head", but this is really the case here at Toyota.
An action.
Second, some thoughts on the construction of China's technological innovation system
China is a country full of vitality and hope. For me, the second and third generation of the party's collective leadership.
Our technological innovation system has pointed out the direction. Comrade Xiaoping pointed out that science and technology are the primary production.
Force. Economic construction must rely on science and technology, and science and technology must face economic construction. Jiang Zongshu
Remember to point out clearly that "innovation is the soul of a nation". Under the overall guidance of the strategy of rejuvenating the country through science and education
China's technological innovation system is becoming more and more mature and perfect. Learn from the successful experience of Japan's technological innovation
Experience, from the reality of our country, is as follows:
1, enhance the sense of urgency in the construction of technological innovation system. Compared with the advanced developed countries in the world
At present, our overall labor productivity is not high, and the technical equipment level of enterprises is not advanced.
People's culture and education also need to be improved. Lagging behind means being beaten, regardless of history or reality.
We sounded the alarm. To develop economy, we must vigorously promote the construction of technological innovation system and strengthen scientific and technological management.
The strategy of rejuvenating the country through education is transformed into a sense of urgency for all people to act. We should advocate respecting knowledge and people in the whole society.
Attach importance to the fine tradition of talents. The exertion of everyone's creativity is the rejuvenation, prosperity and prosperity of our nation.
Hope.
2. The construction of technological innovation system should be brought into the legal track. Japan attaches great importance to science and technology.
Law, Heihei 7 years 1 15 10/5 Japan passed the Basic Law of Science and Technology with five chapters "18".
, legally require local governments to clarify the responsibility of technological progress, promote research and development,
Important scientific and technological contents such as the basic plan for science and technology are protected by law. But there is only one in China.
Science and technology legislation, such as technology contract law and environmental protection law. It is necessary to make a system in China.
Formulate laws to promote the construction of technological innovation system as a whole, and ensure the long-term development of technological innovation from the system.
Period, steady progress.
3. Increase the investment in science and technology of the whole society. First of all, the government should increase investment in science and technology and establish
Establish technological innovation funds from central to local governments. R&D in China; There is a big gap between the funds of D and those of Japan.
R & ampd accounts for only 0.3% of GDP, while Japan accounts for 3%. Although all aspects of local government
The construction task is very heavy, but I thought the government would put R &；; D funding arrangements should be strict, such as "two"
I would rather do less construction and less "achievements" than "a satellite" and the 863 plan.
It is necessary to ensure the funding arrangement for technological innovation. Secondly, enterprises are the main body of technological innovation and the technology of our country.
The main force of technological innovation. The state should support and promote the development of enterprises through administrative, legal and economic means.
Technological progress; It is also an inevitable requirement of market economy competition for enterprises to increase investment in science and technology. Government to enterprise
Industry technology development funds should strengthen supervision, and it is suggested to raise enough funds to gradually promote enterprise technology development.
The use of development funds is higher than the economic growth of this enterprise. Third, we should mobilize the whole society to increase the number of subjects.
Technical input. Investment is not only capital investment, but also other forms of material investment and spiritual capital.
Source input. It is necessary to enliven the mechanism so that scientific research units and institutions of higher learning have strong technical and human resources.
The source is that private enterprises have funds, but they often can't find projects with market benefits, and
Scientific research institutions and universities often have projects, but the investment in commercial production is not enough.
Kim. Only by combining the two, fostering strengths and avoiding weaknesses and taking the road of joint development can we accelerate the transformation of achievements.
Enjoy the benefits and take risks. Many enterprises have various technical problems in their production and operation, but this enterprise
Industry technical force is limited, enterprises should marry universities and scientific research units to jointly tackle key problems and put him
Children's intellectual resources are transformed into real productive forces.
4. Strengthen the policy system construction of technological innovation. The market economy is by no means fragmented, it needs
We should strengthen the guidance of macro-industrial policies. Japan has a successful example in this regard. China's Industrial Politics
The policy needs to be improved and strengthened in reflecting advantages and limiting disadvantages. In addition, due to the financial system and local protection
Socialist tendencies, high-tech industries should also avoid rushing headlong into action and redundant construction. For example, VCD students in China.
Rushing in a hubbub has become a typical example of repeated construction of high-tech industries. Under the condition of market economy,
The development of high-tech industries in China also needs moderate planning adjustment, and it is not appropriate to let things drift.
At present, the construction of technology centers of large enterprises in China and the technological innovation of a large number of small and medium-sized enterprises have been supported by the financial sector.
It is also necessary to increase policy support. Nowadays, the internationalization of the world economy is becoming more and more obvious.
In view of Japan's "takenism" approach, strengthen foreign technical exchanges and cooperation, and conduct policy research.
How to attract overseas students and overseas Chinese to develop high-tech industries is undoubtedly
This is necessary.
Mr. Hideki Masuda, Vice President of Japan's famous Omron Corporation, gave a speech on Omron Corporation.
"Management Philosophy" said: "Let machines do what machines can do, and human beings should be richer.
Creative activities. "I take this sentence as the conclusion of this article and encourage more people.
References:
(1) Summary of Science and Technology of Science and Technology Policy Set of Japan Science and Technology Department (1998 Edition)
(2) Hashimoto Shoulang's On Japanese Economy, Shanghai University of Finance and Economics Press.
(3) Sakamoto's Window to Japan, a new edition of 3A Publishing House.
④AOTS handout "Japanese Economy"
(5) Hashimoto Shoulang's speech on the postwar Japanese economy.
(6) Lecture Notes on Shinichi Nakayama's Japanese Industrial Policy.
(7) Masujima Toshiyuki's Japanese Administrative Reform, Tianjin Academy of Social Sciences Press.
(8) Notes of lectures by Nakagawa and Doi on China's economic development prospects.
(9) Lecture notes of Kawaguchi Municipal Government on "Revitalizing Business in Japan"
(10) Hideki Masuda's lecture on Omron's enterprise management theory
(1 1) Lecture Notes on Enterprise Activities and Regional Health in Ibaraki Workshop of Asahi Beer Company
(12) Notes of Zhao Yi Tanaka's lecture on privatization and mitigation plan of state-owned enterprises.
(13) Lecture Notes on "Japanese Finance, Market Economy and Financial Crisis"
(14) Notes on the Lecture on Logistics Infrastructure of Kobe City Government
(15) edited by Wu and Wu, enhancing the vitality of enterprises and improving the social security system.
Economic management publishing house
(16) the development history of Hiroichi Shimokawa's Japanese enterprises.