1. Why can't the non-performing loans of commercial banks be eliminated?

what are the non-performing loans of commercial banks? Can the non-performing loans of commercial banks be eliminated? This is a question that naturally appears in the minds of many people who see this term. What does "non-performing loans of commercial banks" mean? What is concealing non-performing loans? Question: What is concealing non-performing loans? What is a non-performing loan? What is the specific content of the construction bank's concealment of non-performing loans? Why is there no original report? I'm super anxious! ! ! ! ! ! ! Please! ! ! ! What does "non-performing loans of commercial banks" mean? Related comments: Non-performing loans Countermeasures of non-performing loans of state-owned commercial banks and research on credit management system Abstract: First of all, the asset status of state-owned commercial banks is not optimistic. In this paper, the characteristics and causes of non-performing assets of state-owned commercial banks are comprehensively expounded. Through in-depth analysis of the characteristics and credit system of non-performing assets of ICBC before listing, it is clarified that establishing a sound credit system is the main means and measures to control the growth of non-performing loans. Finally, using the method of reference and comparison with foreign commercial banks' credit system, this paper puts forward some opinions and suggestions on the reform of credit management system of state-owned commercial banks. Key words: write-off of capital adequacy ratio of non-performing loans in five categories 1. Analysis of the current situation of non-performing loans in state-owned commercial banks in China 1.1 Basic concepts of non-performing loans in state-owned commercial banks in China Non-performing loans refer to loans that borrowers fail to repay the principal and interest of commercial banks on time according to the original loan agreement, or there are signs that borrowers cannot repay the principal and interest of commercial banks on time according to the original loan agreement. China once defined non-performing loans as the sum of bad loans, sluggish loans and overdue loans (that is, one loan exceeds two loans). Since 22, China has fully implemented the five-level loan classification system, which divides bank credit assets into five categories according to the risk degree of loans: normal, concerned, secondary, suspicious and loss. Non-performing loans mainly refer to subprime, doubtful and loss-making loans. 1.2 Estimation of Non-performing Loans of China's Commercial Banks China's state-owned commercial banks have indeed made a lot of efforts in reducing non-performing loans, such as trying to formulate a strict credit management system, completely procedural reform of credit business, and stipulating indicators for reducing non-performing loans. However, the non-performing assets of state-owned commercial banks are still seriously high, especially the four major state-owned banks. In 24, the balance of non-performing loans of major commercial banks decreased by 394.6 billion yuan, down by 4.56 percentage points, to 13.2%. This ratio has been far higher than the average level of the world banking industry, and the balance and ratio of non-performing loans in the banking system are still at a high level, which not only exceeds the requirements of the Basel Accord, but also falls far short of the requirement that the ratio of non-performing loans of international advanced banks should be kept below 5%. If we consider the relatively conservative figures published by commercial banks in various countries, the asset quality of commercial banks in China can be imagined. Why can't the non-performing loans of commercial banks be eliminated? Question: Please help me. Try to be as detailed as possible. The paper is urgently needed. Thank you. The answer is good. I can add points. Why can't the non-performing loans of commercial banks be eliminated? Related comments: I wrote a lot, but I still deleted it. I think what I said is only domestic, and the scope is too narrow. It doesn't meet your requirements. After all, commercial banks are imported from abroad. From the perspective of economic laws alone, foreign banks may be more appropriate. Domestic policies are too strong to fully support your thesis. But let me give you some advice on the formation of non-performing loans in several aspects: the impact of the economic environment, the risk of speculators, and internal cases. The formation of each bad debt has its own characteristics, from the beginning of examination and approval, to the use of funds by enterprises, to the means of bank supervision, and finally to the difficult problem faced by the bank's fund rescue work. What I said was based on what I saw at home, but I don't know much about it abroad. So ... I feel that you need to compare domestic and foreign countries and find out the differences between them. But this range is a bit big, come on! What does "non-performing loans of commercial banks" mean? I. Definition of Non-performing Loans of Banks Non-performing loans of banks refer to loans made by banks to individuals or enterprises, which are overdue for a long time or even unpaid, resulting in banks' long-term inability to recover funds. Non-performing loans can be said to be a "cancer" in banks, eroding their profits or capital, and even leading to bank bankruptcy. Second, the solution to the bank's non-performing loans 1. Commercial banks can use the loan loss reserve and their accumulated surplus to write off bad debts, or they can dispose of non-performing loans by auction of creditor's rights. The key to solving non-performing loans is to improve the profitability of banks while strictly controlling the growth of non-performing loans, and gradually digest and reduce non-performing loans. 2. Inject funds into commercial banks from outside to resolve non-performing loans. Stripping non-performing loans from the books of commercial banks and handing them over to professional asset management companies for centralized disposal. In 1999, four financial asset management companies, Cinda, Huarong, Great Wall and Dongfang, were established in China, and 1.39 trillion yuan of non-performing loans were stripped from the four state-owned commercial banks according to their book value. In 23, China began a new round of rural credit cooperatives reform, and injected 165 billion yuan of special bills or re-loans into rural credit cooperatives to solve the historical burden of rural credit cooperatives. Internet hot search words: meaning of commercial bank loans, non-performing loan ratio of commercial banks, non-performing loan ratio of commercial banks, and non-performing loan ratio of Bank of Communications

II. Causes and solutions of non-performing loans of state-owned banks in China

The causes of non-performing loans of banks can be divided into external economic environment factors and internal factors of commercial banks, except that some state-owned enterprises cannot meet the requirements of market economy and encounter difficulties in operation and financial management. First, the external economic environment provides conditions for the existence of non-performing credit assets. 1. Some state-owned enterprises are seriously short of capital, and bank loans are used as the foundation funds. Enterprises need to occupy different amounts of funds in the process of production and operation. The minimum amount is that enterprises must always occupy it, and they will not be idle when they need the least funds. This minimum amount of paving funds should use capital instead of bank loans, which cannot be returned. Since the reform and opening up, most of the financial arrangements for economic construction funds have been used for capital construction. The liquidity that old enterprises need to increase almost entirely depends on bank loans, and even some new enterprises are basically built with bank loans. As a result, some state-owned enterprises are over-indebted, and a large number of bank loans cannot be recovered at maturity. 2. The imperfect market mechanism distorts the economic behavior of the government, enterprises and people. In the process of the transition from planned economy to market economy, local governments acted as mediators with the credit funds of state-owned commercial banks, which misled the bank's operation in disguise and distorted the reasonable investment and direction of some loans. At the same time, China's market economy is weak, the market mechanism is not perfect, and the government, enterprises and the public can't understand and implement the principle of good faith in the commercialization of commercial banks' business behavior, loan marketization and transaction, resulting in an economic, financial, legal, social and civil environment, which has hurt the rights and interests of banks and accumulated non-performing loans. 3. Distortion of credit concept. Due to the phenomenon that enterprises have defaulted on loans for many years, and most of the defaulters have not been harmed by interests, and some have even benefited, people's credit concept has changed, distorted and reversed over time. In addition, a few local governments and competent departments have failed to maintain social credit, and some state-owned enterprises have acquiesced in transferring their losses to state-owned commercial banks. To a certain extent, state-owned commercial banks also have incorrect concepts, and they have not paid enough attention to whether loans can be recovered in time, and they have not paid close attention to the collection of overdue loans. Second, the internal factors of state-owned commercial banks have contributed to the increase and expansion of non-performing loans. 1. The loan risk monitoring mechanism is not perfect. It is considered that credit management is more important than people, and there is a lack of comprehensive consideration of the quality, quality and personality of corporate or business executives. The credit risk monitoring system is incomplete, limited to the statistical work of risky loans, lacking of risk assessment before, during and after lending, and it is impossible to grasp the changes of assets, liabilities and profits and losses of loan enterprises in time. The early warning mechanism has not been established, which can not effectively monitor credit risks to a large extent. 2. The loan management mechanism is backward and self-binding is not enough. In recent ten years, the business of state-owned commercial banks has developed by leaps and bounds, but it can not be ignored that there is an extensive management tendency in loan management, which focuses on quantity and scale, but ignores quality and efficiency. It pays more attention to loans than management, replays and ignores income, and the tracking is not in place, and the binding force is not enough, especially there are many illegal operations. It can be said that the backward loan management mechanism and weak management links are a fundamental reason for the emergence of non-performing loans. 3. Preventing and resolving non-performing credit assets is an arduous and complicated systematic project for state-owned commercial banks. We must look inward, find a breakthrough, take a multi-pronged approach, treat both the symptoms and the root causes, update our concepts, and upgrade non-performing credit assets to a height that can tap and utilize resources. The consequences of the existence of non-performing loans of state-owned commercial banks In 26, foreign banks officially enjoyed national treatment in China, and state-owned commercial banks will face fierce competition from foreign banks. If the proportion of non-performing loans does not come down, the operating efficiency of banks will be seriously affected first. It is difficult to recover the loan interest of non-performing loans, and banks have to pay the interest of depositors' deposits. On the other hand, a large number of bank assets are deposited on non-performing loans, which greatly reduces the liquidity of bank assets and affects the operating efficiency of banks. With the acceleration of the commercialization of banks. The government color of banks will become weaker and weaker. Banks should win customers by relying on their own reputation in society and relying on their operating efficiency and service quality. If the proportion of non-performing loans is high and the efficiency declines, banks will find it difficult to survive and will be at a disadvantage in the competition with foreign banks. 1. The existence of non-performing loans is not conducive to the sustained and healthy development of the banking industry and the national economy. The funds for bank loans mainly come from deposits, and there are too many non-performing assets. Many loans cannot be recovered or cannot be recovered on time, so it is possible to fail to pay due deposits and have a deposit payment crisis. There is no problem with deposit payment in China's commercial banks because they have a good reputation formed over the years, and with the strong backing of the state, they can absorb a large number of new deposits and use new deposits to pay for old deposits. If the situation changes and the new deposits in a bank decrease, it may be difficult to pay the old deposits. If the state-owned commercial banks have difficulties in payment, China's banks and even the whole national economy will be in turmoil. 2. The existence of non-performing loans will encourage enterprises to default on each other's loans and worsen social credit. Loans owed by enterprises to each other and loans owed by state-owned enterprises to state-owned banks are two main manifestations of the deterioration of social credit at present, and their roots are interlinked and mutually causal. Enterprises are in arrears with each other, and the sales enterprises can't recover the sales money in time and return the loans due to the bank, and the non-performing assets of the bank will increase. On the other hand, the increase of non-performing assets of banks is equivalent to accepting the losses passed on by the defaulting enterprises, reducing the promotion and impetus for enterprises to collect loans, and is equivalent to the indulgence and encouragement of banks to default on loans. Therefore, only by taking resolute measures to solve the problem of enterprises defaulting on bank loans can we promote and promote the clearing of loan arrears among enterprises and improve the credit status of the whole society. 3. The existence of non-performing loans has damaged the development of banks and economy. To accelerate economic development, there must be corresponding credit support. If there are more and more non-performing assets in banks, banks will not only reduce the funds used for loans, but also dare not give credit freely, thus adversely affecting economic development. The increase of non-performing assets of banks is also very harmful to the development of banking business. The credit status of some state-owned enterprises is not good, mainly because they are not trustworthy to state-owned enterprises and state-owned banks, but trustworthy to foreign banks. After China's entry into WTO, the competition between China and foreign banks has intensified, and foreign banks are bound to try their best to compete with Chinese commercial banks for business. If effective measures are not taken to rectify the loan relationship between state-owned banks and state-owned enterprises and completely eliminate the phenomenon of enterprises defaulting on bank loans, China's commercial banks will be at a disadvantage in the competition. 4. The existence of non-performing loans makes the bank reform unable to go further. The direction of China's commercial bank reform is that four state-owned commercial banks will gradually realize the shareholding system, and other commercial banks that have implemented the shareholding system and have the conditions for listing will gradually implement the stock listing. The implementation of joint-stock system and stock listing needs to increase transparency, disclose assets, liabilities and financial status, and meet relevant standards. If the non-performing assets cannot be reduced, it will not meet the listing standards, and it will be impossible to go public. Even if it is listed, the sale of stocks will become a problem, which will delay the reform process of China's banking industry. After joining the World Trade Organization, the competition in the banking industry has become more intense. In order to meet the competition and build China's commercial banks into world-class banks, we must take resolute measures to solve the problem of excessive non-performing assets of commercial banks, especially state-owned commercial banks. If it is not solved as soon as possible, it will bring a series of serious consequences. The ways and means of activating non-performing loans should make full use of market and legal means, digest non-performing assets in various forms, and activate non-performing assets by implementing creditor's rights, establishing a responsibility system for recovering non-performing assets, disposing loan collateral and enterprise assets according to law, selling creditor's rights or replacing debtors, securitization of assets, reducing loan principal and interest and writing off. 1. State-owned enterprises can implement shareholding system reform. State-owned enterprises implement the reform of shareholding system, establish an enterprise management mechanism that meets the needs of market economy, publicly issue shares, use the proceeds to write off non-performing assets and repay bank loans, which can also increase the capital of enterprises and reduce the debt ratio. 2 in the enterprise, the banking sector and the whole society to carry out credit learning and education activities. Effective measures should be taken to prevent credit-destroying enterprises from getting loans, and to crack down on debt evasion and credit-destroying behaviors. If the circumstances are serious, the behavior of evading debts and defaulting on debts shall be handled according to law, and a momentum will be formed to deter those who want to destroy credit. 3. State-owned commercial banks should gradually implement joint-stock system. State-owned commercial banks should become real money-handling enterprises, operate independently, no longer undertake the business of policy loans, separate government from enterprises, establish and improve the system of shareholder supervision, so as to increase new loans. 4. Deal with non-performing loans in layers, and we should not deal with existing non-performing assets simply and extensively, but make detailed classification. When taking measures for different types and grades of non-performing assets, we should adjust the credit structure and increase the review link for non-performing assets. Simply chasing and intercepting non-performing loans is a remedy after all, and marketing, evaluation, early warning, approval and post-loan management for new loan customers should be increased. Management of recovery monitoring, intermediate business services and other links to ensure that the injected loans are safe and effective. 6. Establish an incentive and restraint mechanism to restrain people's behavior. Power and responsibility will always go hand in hand, so we should build a loan marketing concept of an effective and economical market economy, with responsibility to people, assessment step by step, and reasonable rewards and punishments. Establish and improve the credit management system, and form the examination and approval. Management. Risk control is mutually restricted, power, responsibility and benefit are combined and managed at different levels. The new credit management system of grading operation implements the individual responsibility system for examination and approval, so as to unify power and responsibility. Drawing lessons from how the United States handles the non-performing assets of banks, the existence of a large number of non-performing assets in Chinese commercial banks has greatly increased China's financial risks, so we explore ways to deal with the non-performing assets of commercial banks.