In recent years, in order to support college students' entrepreneurship, the state and governments at all levels have issued many preferential policies, involving financing, business opening, taxation, entrepreneurship training, entrepreneurship guidance and many other aspects. For college students who plan to start a business, only by understanding these policies can they take the first step in starting a business.
(1) College graduates start their own businesses within two years after graduation and apply for business licenses in the industrial and commercial departments where the entrepreneurial entities are located. If the registered capital (capital) is less than 500,000 yuan, it is allowed to be put in place by stages. The initial investment shall not be less than 65,438+00% of the registered capital (the investment shall not be less than 30,000 yuan), and the paid-in registered capital shall be increased to more than 50% within 65,438+0 years, and the balance can be put in place by stages within 3 years.
(2) Enterprises or business units newly established by university graduates in consulting industry, information industry and technical service industry shall be exempted from enterprise income tax for two years with the approval of tax authorities; Newly established enterprises or business units engaged in transportation, post and telecommunications shall be exempted from enterprise income tax in the first year with the approval of the tax authorities, and the enterprise income tax shall be reduced by half in the second year; Newly established enterprises or business units engaged in public utilities, commerce, materials industry, foreign trade industry, tourism, logistics industry, warehousing industry, residents' service industry, catering industry, educational and cultural undertakings and health undertakings shall be exempted from enterprise income tax for one year with the approval of the tax authorities.
(3) Commercial banks, joint-stock banks, city commercial banks and qualified urban credit cooperatives in various countries should provide small loans for graduates who start their own businesses, simplify procedures and facilitate account opening and settlement. The loan amount is about 20,000 yuan. The longest loan period is two years. If it is determined that an extension is needed due, you can apply for an extension once. The loan interest is determined according to the loan interest rate published by the People's Bank of China. The maximum amount of guarantee is 5 times of the guarantee fund, and the term is the same as the loan term.
(four) the personnel intermediary service institutions affiliated to the personnel administrative department of the government shall keep personnel files (including social security, professional titles, file wages and other related procedures) for 2 years for self-employed graduates; Provide free information on the supply and demand of talents and labor force, and publish free recruitment advertisements and other services; To participate in talent fairs or talent service exchange activities, appropriate fee reduction; Provide training and evaluation services for entrepreneurial employees.
The above preferential policies are formulated by the state for all self-employed college students. In order to support local college students' entrepreneurship, local governments have also issued relevant policies and regulations, which are more detailed and closer to reality. Knowing these preferential policies will make college students feel the support of the state and government and strengthen their determination to start a business.
Necessary conditions for college students to start their own businesses
College students are enthusiastic about starting a business, but the success rate of starting a business is obviously low due to lack of experience, ability and consciousness deviation. In this regard, Xu Benliang, a college student entrepreneurship guidance expert and president of Shanghai Entrepreneurship Education and Training Center, believes that college students must have the following hardware to start a business:
Hardware 1: the reserve of entrepreneurial knowledge
It is easy for college students to fall into the misunderstanding of being too arrogant and too theoretical. Because of staying on campus for a long time, I lack understanding of society, especially in market development and enterprise operation. Therefore, college students should be fully prepared before starting a business. On the one hand, we should rely on working or internship in enterprises to accumulate relevant management and marketing experience; On the other hand, by participating in entrepreneurship training, accumulating entrepreneurial knowledge, receiving professional guidance, charging yourself and improving the success rate of entrepreneurship.
Hardware II: Capital preparation
You can't make a silk purse out of a sow's ear. Nearly half of college students think that "capital is a roadblock to entrepreneurship". Without funds, even the best ideas can hardly be transformed into realistic productivity. Before you get the funds, you must first know how much money you need, how to get the funds, and how the funds come from. Entrepreneurs must have a certain business philosophy, whether to choose debt as the source of funds or equity as the source of funds, and what you choose to protect your investors. These basic problems will determine the success of the initial stage of entrepreneurship. College students should broaden their thinking and raise funds through multiple channels. In addition to traditional channels such as bank loans, self-raised funds and private loans, we can also make full use of financing channels such as venture capital and venture capital.
Hardware III: Technology and Interest
Exchanging intelligence for capital is a characteristic way for college students to start their own businesses. Some venture capitalists are often willing to fund their business plans just because they take a fancy to the advanced technology mastered by college students. Therefore, college students who intend to start a business in the high-tech field must pay attention to their skills.
Technological innovation, developing products with independent intellectual property rights, and attracting investors' funds.
Hardware IV: Personal Ability
Entrepreneurship is a process from simple to complex. For example, if you lack judgment on the market at the beginning, you should start with a simple market and accumulate experience. College students are technically outstanding, but their abilities in financial management, marketing, communication and management are generally insufficient, and they are not familiar with the "rules of the game". If entrepreneurs want to succeed in starting a business, they should not only have strong execution ability (perseverance and persistence), but also have basic business ability.
Although there are unlimited business opportunities in today's entrepreneurial market, it is not "bending down to pick up the wealth on the ground" for college entrepreneurs with limited funds, abilities and experience. In this case, college students can only find the right place to start their own businesses according to their own characteristics, and then they can break into a new world that really suits them.
Four Directions of College Students' Entrepreneurship
Direction 1: high-tech field
College students who are at the forefront of high technology have the advantage of getting the moon first in this field. The success of college students' entrepreneurial enterprises such as Netease and Tencent is due to the technological advantages of entrepreneurs. But not all college students are suitable for starting businesses in high-tech fields. Generally speaking, college students with profound technical skills and outstanding academic achievements have the hope of success. College students who are interested in starting a business in this field can actively participate in various entrepreneurial competitions and get opportunities to stand out in order to attract venture capital.
Recommended business opportunities: software development, network services, game development, etc.
Direction 2: the field of intellectual services
It is comfortable for college students to start a business in the field of intellectual services, and intelligence is the first capital for college students to start a business. For example, in the field of family education, it is very suitable for college students to start businesses, especially those majoring in normal universities. On the one hand, family education is a traditional channel for college students to work and study, and has accumulated rich experience; On the other hand, college students can make full use of the educational resources of colleges and universities and find the "first bucket of gold" more easily. This kind of intellectual service entrepreneurship project has low cost, and a desk can be opened with a phone.
Recommended business opportunities: tutor, tutor intermediary, design studio, translation firm, etc.
Direction 3: Join the chain field.
According to the survey, in the same business field, the success rate of individual entrepreneurship is less than 20%, while those who devote themselves to entrepreneurship are as high as 80%. For college students with limited entrepreneurial resources, with the help of the brand, technology, marketing and equipment advantages of franchise chains, they can start businesses with less investment and lower threshold. However, franchise chain is not "zero risk". In the mixed market, college students are inexperienced, so they should pay more attention to avoiding risks when choosing joining projects. Generally speaking, college entrepreneurs have weak financial strength and are suitable for joining projects with low start-up capital and low staffing requirements, and it is appropriate to start with small business; In addition, it is best to choose a mature brand that has been operating for more than 5 years and has more than 10 franchise stores.
Recommended business opportunities: fast food industry, domestic service, small supermarket on campus, digital express printing station, etc.
Direction 4: Open a shop.
On the one hand, college students can make full use of college student customer resources; On the other hand, it is easier to get started because you are familiar with the consumption habits of your peers. It is precisely because of taking the "student route" that we should rely on cheap and good quality to attract customers. In addition, due to the limited funds of college students, it is impossible to choose to open a store in a prosperous area, so the promotion work is particularly important, and it is necessary to often post advertisements on campus or organize activities with associations to be widely known.
Recommended business opportunities: restaurants, cafes, hair salons, stationery stores, bookstores, laundries, etc. In or near the university.
Three taboos of college students' entrepreneurship
College students are very suitable for starting a business, but they are also easy to fail. College entrepreneurs should learn to make up for their own shortcomings and avoid repeating the same mistakes. Let's listen to some taboos that college students should avoid when starting a business.
Taboo 1: lofty and unscrupulous.
Bill Gates' Microsoft myth makes IT and high-tech industries "golden mountains" in the eyes of college students, so that many students disdain to engage in service industries or industries with low technology content. In fact, high-tech entrepreneurial projects often need a lot of start-up funds, and the risk and pressure of starting a business are very great. If college students lack their own abilities and expect too much from starting a business, they will have a high starting point and be prone to failure. Therefore, college students might as well lower their mentality, get a deeper understanding of the market and themselves, and then start from an early age, proceed from reality and step by step.
Taboo 2: On paper
Lack of experience is a common problem in college students' entrepreneurship at present. Many college entrepreneurs have no awareness of market research on their products or projects, but only make idealized inferences. For example, if our products are bought by 65.438 billion people, even if we only earn 65.438+0 yuan for each product, we still have a profit of 65.438+billion yuan. This inference method is untenable at all, but it plays a misleading role. College students must do a good job in market research in the early stage of starting a business, and some feasibility studies can also be entrusted to professional institutions. Only by understanding the market can they start a business for a long time.
Taboo 3: Fight alone.
In today's emphasis on teamwork, it is unlikely that entrepreneurs will succeed alone. Team spirit has become an indispensable entrepreneurial quality, and venture capitalists pay more attention to entrepreneurial teams with cooperative ability when investing. Nowadays, college students are generally more personalized and confident, and entrepreneurship is often self-righteous and willful, which affects the success rate of entrepreneurship. Therefore, for college students who plan to start a business, it is easier to get close to success than to be alone by joining forces, learning from each other's strengths and building a cohesive team.
Obstacles to College Students' Entrepreneurship
Just like the long journey of learning from the scriptures, the road to entrepreneurship is not smooth sailing. There are mountains to climb, difficulties to overcome, and even some obstacles waiting for us. Let's take a look at what "obstacles" college students will encounter on the road to entrepreneurship.
I. Options
Choosing entrepreneurial projects that meet both the market demand and their own needs is something that college entrepreneurs must carefully weigh. Generally speaking, college entrepreneurs should objectively analyze their own entrepreneurial conditions and calmly analyze their own entrepreneurial environment. On the basis of technical projects, try to choose projects with high technical content and clear independent intellectual property rights, and do a good job in product marketization on the basis of technological innovation. Don't blindly follow the trend in the selection process, but also remember that those who are familiar must choose the industry that they are most familiar with, good at, experienced and rich in resources.
Second, experience
Lack of experience and the ability to integrate resources and implement management from a professional perspective will greatly reduce the success rate of college students' entrepreneurship. Therefore, college students should have certain knowledge and experience in enterprise management and market operation, rather than "on paper". Even a small "office-style" enterprise with two or three people should have a clear financial and personnel system.
Third, funds.
Without funds, starting a business is tantamount to seeking a fish from a tree. At present, college students have the following misunderstandings in attracting venture capital:
1, anxious to raise money. It is very common to sell large shares for a little money, or sell technology or ideas cheaply, thus losing the initiative.
2. Feel free to default. If you are slightly dissatisfied with the investment agreement, you will break it at will, and the result will be blacklisted in the capital market.
3. Too persistent. Even if investors can't provide value-added services, they are still tied in and don't know how to turn around in time.
4. Irresponsible. Burning other people's money to fulfill their dreams results in both losses.
College students must choose those investors who have real strength, can provide value-added services, and have a unified entrepreneurial concept, even if they temporarily give up some immediate interests.
Fourth, the team
In the eyes of venture capitalists, even the best business plan can be copied, and the overall strength of the team is difficult to copy. Therefore, when they invest, they often pay more attention to entrepreneurial teams with cooperative ability than those who are whimsical.
Five, mentality
Blind entrepreneurship is a common problem of college students' entrepreneurship. In the eyes of many college students, entrepreneurship is a Bill Gates-style "movement": with creativity, you can start a company, and when you start a company, you will make a fortune, but you lack a deep examination of the industry and a deep understanding of the market. In fact, entrepreneurship needs rationality rather than impulsiveness, calmness rather than fanaticism. College students should not only have good skills, but also have a good attitude. They should never be too narrow-minded and conceited, but should accept others' opinions with an open mind and dare to face setbacks and failures.
If you successfully break through the interception of these five tigers, it is equivalent to breaking through the "bullet", and success is really just around the corner.
Wang Xinwen, deputy director of the Institute of Enterprise Innovation of the Chinese Academy of Management Sciences, believes that when choosing to start a business, college graduates should first understand in detail the relevant preferential policies introduced by the government; The second is to choose suitable investment projects; Third, we should learn from successful entrepreneurs; Fourth, don't aim too high, but do things in a down-to-earth manner; The fifth is to learn to bear the pressure from all sides. In terms of specific entrepreneurial ideas, college graduates can start with partnership entrepreneurship, family entrepreneurship or low-cost stall entrepreneurship to exercise their entrepreneurial ability. To make up for their own lack of funds, management experience, social relations and so on. Never get on the horse blindly without ability.
Xu Benliang, president of Shanghai Entrepreneurship Education and Training Center, believes that college students should first exercise and accumulate work experience. On the one hand, the work experience here can be gained from the work experience after graduation. If you are an entrepreneurial college student, you can also accumulate entrepreneurial experience in your junior and senior years. College students are more opportunistic entrepreneurs, and most of them are teamwork, rather than survival and entrepreneurship as adults.
References:
Full handbook policy for college students' entrepreneurship