Refers to moral politics. Tang Juyi's "Twenty-four rhymes from village to county, to Cui Langzhong in Huzhou, Jiashe, Changzhou, and still a guest in Wuzhong" says: "Shame on me for being a neighbor without politics." See "The History of Stamping".
When oil? The basic explanation of Qing dynasty
Still say fry in the pot. In the Ming Dynasty, Xu Wei's Collection of Fishermen's Nets in Chengtan, Part II: "Take it to the restaurant, there is nothing to avoid."
Take the lead? The Basic Interpretation of Chuci
A cook in charge of cooking. Song Meng's "Tokyo Dream Restaurant": "You can only sing it if you have a proper place in your food and report it to the bureau. The authorities called it a slap in the face and said that the case was over. " Zhicheng Deng's Note: "The case is called palm stove, or spoon, in today's capital." Song Zhou Mi's Old Wulin Restaurant: "Anyone who drinks soup can ask for it at will. Although ten guests have their own desires, they might as well. Overselling your head, remembering hundreds of products, and passing four drinks is effortless. "
Danghu? The Basic Interpretation of Song of Eternal Sorrow
People who fry salt for a living. History of the Old Five Dynasties Jin Shu Gao Zuji II: "Salt farmers in Beijing try to collect salt profits every year." "History of the Song Dynasty, Food Records, Five": "During the reign of Renzong, Li Yong was divided into two prisons: East and West. Dongli Bingzhou, Xili Fenzhou. It is a national citizen who has soil as a pawn, a household who loses salt as a salt class, and others who sell it for officials with money, which is called selling in China. " Questionnaire 3: "Salt is salt, almost soil, thick or thin, thin is beneficial, and household bankruptcy is not enough."
The history of foot-bashing? The Basic Interpretation of Cheng Ji M: O C ǐ sh ǐ
Xue Dading, Zheng Deben and Jia Dunyi in the Tang Dynasty were all secretariat, divided into three countries, and all had political achievements. People call it "the history of feet" because when there are three feet, it is a metaphor. Xue Dading: "When I was in Zhenguan [Xue Dading], I was bored looking at the history of Hong and Cangzhou, and I had beautiful politics with Jia Dunyi, the secretariat of Yingzhou, and Zheng Deben, the secretariat of Cao Zhou. Hebei was called' Dangdang Secretariat'."
Dangxuan? The basic explanation of Qing Xuan
Which means bang. An old cooker. Ye Qingting Yi's "Inscription on the Prescription of Blowing the Net Record and Historical Records": [Zhu Shigu] has a different disease and cannot be eaten. When he smells meat, he needs to vomit. Just rotate with clang, make soup and eat it several times. Wash it more than ten times every time. "
Bang bang,? The sound made by striking a metal object, etc.
The gong clanged.
Also known as the "Party Party"
Tintin? The Basic Interpretation of Song of Eternal Sorrow
An ancient cauldron with feet. Sometimes used as instruments of torture to burn and kill people. Qing Pu Songling's Strange Tales from a Lonely Studio Liu surname: "This kind of violence is with Ding."
Dangdang car? Basic explanation
After more than 40 years, the car returned to Qianmen Street in Beijing.
Diāngdangr is the name of the tram in old Beijing (Beiping). Because there is a bronze bell hanging on the front of its car, as long as the driver steps on the pedal under his foot, the bronze bell will make a "clank" to remind pedestrians to avoid the vehicle. This is also the first generation of modern transportation in Beijing. 1966, Qianmen tram stopped running. On June 65438+1 October1in 2009, the streetcar track was laid as planned on the reconstructed Xinqianmen Street, which reopened the "Dangdang Car" that had disappeared for 50 years.
Historically, the first tram in Beijing was officially opened to traffic at the front door on 1924 12 17. There was a 10 tram running between Qianmen and Xizhimen. Because of the wiring equipment at the top of the tram and the sound of the tram running, the people also call the tram "motorcycle" or "bumper car". The Qianmen tram was originally French, and later Japanese and domestic trams were used. On May 6th, 1966, with the suspension of the last rail line from Beijing Gymnasium to Yongdingmen Railway Station, the tram that has been running in Beijing for 42 years finally completed its historical mission.
detailed description
First of all, the beginning of trouble
In fact, Beijing can be the first city in China to own a tram, and the disastrous fate of the car began from the moment it just took off. With the completion of 1897 Majiapu Railway Station in Beijing, Siemens AG of Germany has built a tram network and track from here to Yongdingmen on 1899, and even trams have been put in place. However, before it saw the dawn of the 20th century, 1900, the boxer's axe hit this newly completed net track. In an instant, the first modern trams in China disappeared.
After many twists and turns, the first trams in China were finally opened to traffic from Tianjin at 1906. In the following years, the railway lines in Shanghai and Dalian were also built and put into operation. Until 1924, 12 and 17, Beijing finally ushered in the grand opening ceremony of trams, bypassing the troubles of merchants, avoiding the protests of rickshaw pullers and overcoming many bumps and disturbances. The ceremony was held at the front door.
At the beginning of its opening, 10 "modern" behemoths rattled in Beijing all day, which was really new to people who had never seen many cars. Compared with the rickshaws and animal-drawn carts that people have long been accustomed to, trams carry more passengers and are fast, which has affected the business of rickshaw pullers and is already very difficult. The rickshaw pullers in Beijing finally broke out in demonstrations organized by trade unions. These people, who can hardly support their families, either destroy the rails and dig turnouts, or tear down the pavilions and smash the locomotives, or throw lead wires between the two lines of the tram to cause a short circuit, or take the insulated porcelain bottles of the transmission lines as targets ... Where can a tram with few lines and poor car condition withstand such damage and toss? After several times, the tram company was seriously injured and the passengers were finally affected. A limerick said, "When you wait for the second or third bus, look straight." . To save money, just like a baby looking forward to milk. "This poem is a true portrayal of waiting for the bus at that time.
Second, the bell rings.
1 924 65438+February, the tram from Qianmen to Xizhimen1was opened in Beijing, with 14 station, with a total length of 7 kilometers and 10 vehicles. This is the first bus line for urban residents in Beijing. From then until liberation, there were 7 tram lines in Beijing, with the number of cars reaching 103. As a new thing and advanced means of transportation at that time, trams played an important role in promoting the economic and cultural development of old Beijing, and also had a positive impact on the improvement of citizens' living conditions and lifestyle changes. Beijingers like to take the tram when they go out to do business, which is affectionately called "Dangdang car". As soon as the car starts, the driver will step on the bell and make a tinkling sound. Some bells are hung on the driver's head. When something happens, the driver rings the bell by hand, and the ringing bell can be heard in the distance. The unique rumble of "jingle car" and its sweet jingle have made old Beijingers miss it so far.
According to the original design of Tramway Company, the car bodies of locomotives and trailers are made in China and borne by Yuxin Construction Factory, and the car discs are purchased from French companies. The car body and car disc are assembled in China, and these trams have been put into use since 1924. The model of French cars used in Beijing trams is standard 21e. The locomotive body is 9.42m long, 2. 1 m wide and 3.17m high, with a standard capacity of 52 people, 2 axles and 4 wheels, and the braking mode is manual braking. The trailer body is 8m long, 2. 1m wide and 3.06m high, with a standard capacity of 47 people. From 1924 to 1950, this model has been the main model of Beijing trams. However, tram drivers at that time did not drive like this. At that time, they had to drive standing, and their legs would not bend at the end of the day.
Although these trams are imported from France, they are backward in model, inferior in quality, inconvenient to use and easy to be damaged. For example, the door is made of iron bars in summer and double-fold wooden doors in winter, so passengers can't close it if they are slightly crowded. At first, the tram body was made of wood, and the seats were made of wood, which was very simple and uncomfortable. In 29 years of the Republic of China, the vehicle was improved, the seat was changed to lacquered cloth, the middle of the chair was made of old cotton and straw, the original rattan handle was changed to leather strap and magnetic ring, and electric lights were added inside and outside the vehicle.
"Dangdang" cars basically pass through the most prosperous areas of the city, so the opening of "Dangdang" cars has also caused a great event. Because "Dangdang" cars have to lay rails and set up wires wherever they pass, when the trams pass through the bustling Dongdan archway and Xidan archway, because these two archways are in disrepair for a long time, they will inevitably collapse, which is a great obstacle to the tram project. Tram companies put safety first. Upon approval, Dongdan archway was demolished in July 1923, and Xidan archway was demolished in October 10. I was going to demolish and rebuild, but I didn't expect it to be easier to demolish than to build. Finally, it was regarded as a transportation hub, and there were so many cars and horses that there was no need to rebuild the archway. The funds for rebuilding the arch were also used by the tram company to buy vehicles.
Third, the first generation of modern vehicles.
192 1 year, the Beiyang government established the tram company. After three years of construction, the first tram line was officially opened on 1924+02+08. This route goes from Xizhimen via Xinjiekou-Xisi-Xidan-Tiananmen to the front door. The total length is about 9 kilometers. Later it extended to the overpass.
As soon as the tram started, it was resisted by many rickshaws, and it took many twists and turns to calm down. Later, several trams were opened one after another. For the convenience of illiterate citizens. At that time, street signs used different colors. The first 1 road was a red card. The second road (yellow card) was opened from Tianqiao, Qianmen, Dongdan and Dongsi to Beixinqiao. The third road (Lanka) runs from Dongsi, Dongdan, Zhongshan Park and Xidan to Xisi. No.4 Road (white card) runs from Beixinqiao in Di 'anmen to Taipingcang. Road No.5 (green sign) runs from Xuanwu Gate and Zhongshan Park to Chongwenmen. Road No.6 (Heika) runs from Chongwenmen, Cikou and Shuidaozi, across the street, zhushikou and Hufang Bridge, to Heping Gate (later renamed Caishikou). The maximum number of vehicles exceeds 100.
Although the speed of trams was only 15 to 20 kilometers per hour at that time, it was still much faster than that of horse-drawn carts. The appearance of trams began the history of Beijing's public transportation modernization.
Fourth, the old lady gets on the tram-don't blow it yet!
At that time, the No.6 road from Hademen (Chongwenmen) to Caishikou was a monorail. When the two cars met, each station only set two tracks for the wrong car, but if you don't do this, there will be a ridiculous "top cow" scene. There is a short detour between Shuidaozi and Qiaowan, so it is not easy for drivers to see oncoming cars, so it often happens that two cars meet on the same track. If this happens, the drivers of the two cars quickly stop, smile at each other, and then the car closer to the station returns to the station. Fortunately, there are starting devices at both ends of the tram, and the forward and backward are the same. The retreating car stops on the track on one side of the station, and then leaves separately after the opposite car enters the station. At this time, the passengers could not help but complain to the driver in good faith: "Come on! Top cow again! " "Don't wait for the wrong bus at the station! This is great, it has been delayed! " The driver is also generous, silent, open to criticism, and still drives calmly.
At that time, a popular two-part allegorical saying in Beijing called "Old lady gets on the tram-don't blow it yet!" It means to satirize those who love to brag. The origin of this sentence is that the conductor of the tram hangs a copper whistle around his neck. Every time the bus stops and passengers get on the bus, the conductor whistles to inform the driver to start. But sometimes when the passengers have finished boarding, an old lady comes from behind. She couldn't run fast and was afraid that the bus wouldn't wait for her, so she called the conductor not to honk while rushing.
Five, the conductor's shouts
Attendants on the bus, such as drivers and conductors, some even come up to check tickets, but there are no women, they are all men. Wearing a blue cloth uniform and a police tactical unit with a brim. There are two conductors on the locomotive and one conductor on the trailer. The locomotive has a front carriage and a rear carriage, and there is a door in the middle of the trailer. The locomotive goes down from the back door to the front door, and the trailer goes down first and then goes up, orderly. The other roads are all a locomotive.
The conductor has a yellow leather bag on his shoulder. Copper coins, copper coin tickets and wool tickets are all put in it. The tickets they sell, each with its own color, are put on the ticket board, as it is now, drawn in red, blue and copper strokes and handed to passengers.
Move the car and get on it as soon as it comes. Soon the conductor will come to you to take money to sell tickets. No matter how crowded the tram is, the conductor always pushes a big purse around the crowd. It is not as comfortable as the bus attendant now, sitting and selling tickets. Tram yard, south yard is east of Ciqikou outside Chongwenmen. This place used to be relatively empty, but since the tram was set up here, it has gradually prospered. The North Yard is north of Xizhimen Street. In the past, the conductor on the tram not only spoke, but also was polite and had a good attitude. There were elderly men and women, and he immediately helped them to the car: "Who is it? Give your seat to the old man? Older people can't stand it! " At every stop, the conductor shouted, "Wangfujing! Dengshikou! " Before each stop: "Is there any left?" Dengshikou! "If a foreigner comes to take the bus, if he says to the conductor," I want to get off at Qianmen Street. I've never been here before. Please tell me when I get to the station. When the front door stops, the conductor will tell him, "Here comes the front door! Just now, get off! "
In the past, there were few passengers crowded at the entrance of the tram, and there was a lot of space inside. The conductor kept order in the car at any time. There is a wooden sign on the top of the front of every bus to indicate which way to go. On the driver's side, there is a small glass pavilion more than a foot long and four inches wide. For example, the second road opens to the north and is marked with the words "Beixinqiao". For example, if you want to go to the overpass, the driver will shake the overpass by hand, and the car returning to the field will have the words "return to the field". It's very hard to leave at 5: 30 in the morning and return to the driver and conductor after 0: 30 in the afternoon. Walk to the scene at 2 or 3 o'clock in the evening every morning, and then walk home after returning to the factory. There was no shuttle bus to and from work at that time.
The ticket inspector is also called an inspector. The senior ticket inspector is a woolen uniform with graded cuffs and one or two or three red lines. When the train is running, come up halfway to check the tickets.
Sixth, the changes of the times.
Trams in old Beijing are privately owned and called Beiping Trams Company. After the July 7th Incident, under the rule of the puppet regime, the trams company was unable to make ends meet due to rising prices, and the vehicles were damaged beyond repair and obsolete. The pseudo-Beijing municipal government borrowed money for disaster relief and bought several locomotives from Japan.
After the victory of the Anti-Japanese War, during the three years of Kuomintang rule, officers and men did not buy tickets by bus, and prices soared. The employees of the tram company can't spend money, so they rely on bank loans to maintain. This car is too old to be repaired. Until 1948, there were only a few street cars in the city, which were crowded. It is difficult for all ages, women and children to squeeze in, and young people enter through the window. There are people behind the trailer, and there are people on the roof. At this time, the tram company will go bankrupt.
After liberation, the Beijing municipal government began to restore urban traffic, recall employees who left the scene, and repair vehicles day and night. The tram company has recovered its new look, with 100 cars at sunrise, and extended the second line, Beixinqiao, to Dongzhimen. The engineers in the workshop analyzed the imported 8-wheeler and absorbed its advantages, and successfully designed the 52-type 8-wheeler tram. The difference between this car and the French car is that the body is longer, which is 12 meters, and the width and height have also increased, and the standard passenger capacity has also increased to 70 people. The driver is sitting and driving. This tram runs more smoothly, with less vibration. It has six doors and a low step, which is convenient for passengers to get on and off.
At first, the tram body was brown, and since 25 years of the Republic of China, the car body has gradually changed to green. After liberation, except for the 8-wheel tram, the lower half of the car body was changed to brown and the upper half to beige. The newly developed 52-type 8-wheel tram has a beige upper part and a crimson lower part. Colorful trams shuttle between cities, making a "sonorous" sound, forming a beautiful landscape.
On March 6th 1950, according to the suggestion of Soviet experts, Beijing started a real loop train, with the left loop separated, the left loop: from Ping 'anli to Ping 'anli via Xidan, Dongdan, Beixinqiao and Di 'anmen, and the right loop in the opposite direction.
The loop car stopped driving in March 1959. July 1956, 10, in order to welcome the construction project of the celebration of the founding of new China 10, eight new roads were opened, from Xizhimen to Beijing Gymnasium via Xisi, Xidan, Zhengyi Street, Qianmen, Tianqiao Lane and Hongqiao, and the eight roads were 1958,/kloc.
Due to the needs of urban construction and development, trams in cities have been replaced by trolleybuses, and the clanging bell has disappeared for a long time.
Seven, back to Qianmen Street
On the eve of the Olympic Games, Qianmen Street in Beijing was renovated on a large scale, recreating its heyday in the 1930s. In addition to restoring trams, the five archways of Zhengyang Bridge have been rebuilt on the original site according to the records of words and historical photos, and many old brands on both sides of the street are restoring plaques raised by champions or emperors in history. At the same time, the nine-foot-wide White Stone Imperial Road reappeared in the center of Qianmen Street.
Today's sonorous car has restored the structure of the old tram. It can run 16 km with no load at one charge, and the number of charge and discharge cycles can reach more than 50 thousand times. At the same time, it has bid farewell to the long "braid" on the car and no longer needs to carry telegraph poles and cables. The two short "braids" above the car body are decorative remains.
The new car has also adopted a number of humanized designs, for example, in order to facilitate passengers to watch news and current events while riding, a mobile TV is installed; In order to facilitate the disabled to get on and off, a wheelchair crossing board, disabled seats and disabled handrails were installed; In order to reduce the noise inside the car, the floor adopts a new type of environmental protection material-foamed aluminum floor.
Now the names of these two cars are Qianmen No.1 and Qianmen No.2 respectively. It takes less than 10 minutes to drive on the 840m track. After the start, Zhushikou Station was set up. In Moon Bay, two splayed tracks turn east and west, which are specially used for maintenance. These tracks are fixed with resin. At present, the tram has not stopped at Zhushikou Station, and it only walks the whole journey without stopping at a time.
At present, there are only seven people qualified to drive this kind of car in Beijing, two are instructors of the traffic police department and five are drivers of Tianjie Company. The ticket price is 20 yuan. With the approval of the district government, ticket No.0 is kept by Chongwen District Archives, and ticketNo. 1 is kept by Qianmen History Museum. On the day of start-up, tickets will be sold from the 2nd ticket. The car runs from 9: 00 am to 9: 00 pm 10, and starts at 9: 00 pm in winter.
Eight, the sound of Beijing cars.
In the mouth of old Beijing residents, the tram is called a clang car, pronounced "clang", and the suffix is the children of Beijing dialect. Because of the narrow streets in old Beijing, trams mostly run in the bustling business district. Sometimes people with shoulders occupy the road, and drivers standing and driving constantly clang their feet on the bells to remind pedestrians and other vehicles to avoid. The sound of bronze bells is just like the function of car horns today. Ordinary people, speaking with their own voice and one voice, finally get used to each other, so they regard clang cars as synonymous with trams. Therefore, in the Dictionary of Chinese Language published by 1936, the word "clang car" is listed specifically, which is officially interpreted as "the common name of tram"; In the Dictionary of Beijing Dialect published by 1985, this entry and its definition are also retained.