First, personal housing loan risk prevention measures
1. Evaluate the borrower's credit rating. At present, the management of housing provident fund has not been included in this system. In the long run, it is the general trend to incorporate the deposit, use and loan information of provident fund into the credit information system of the People's Bank of China to realize the enjoyment of credit resources.
2. Implement a focused policy tilt. According to the focus of foreign and domestic financial institutions in granting personal housing mortgage loans, we should pay attention to the following indicators when granting provident fund loans: the proportion of monthly repayment amount to family monthly income, the borrower's purpose of buying a house, the borrower's age and marital status.
3. Establish a housing guarantee company funded by the government. Only by establishing a special government housing security agency to provide loan repayment guarantee for low-and middle-income buyers can we fundamentally relieve the worries of provident fund management agencies, realize the transformation from potential demand in the housing market to effective demand, and promote the development of the housing industry.
4. Enrich the variety of provident fund loans. According to the repayment method, there are two types of provident fund loans: average capital and equal principal and interest. Provident fund loans should learn from the practices of commercial banks, adapt to market changes, enrich loan varieties, design various repayment methods, and improve service quality.
5. Comprehensively improve the quality of employees. First of all, to prevent operational risks, we must standardize business processes; Secondly, establish a good credit incentive and restraint mechanism; Finally, establish a good and healthy credit culture and comprehensively improve the quality of credit practitioners.
The second is the risk of provident fund loans.
1, policy risk. Policy risk mainly refers to the possibility that relevant national policies bring risks to loans.
2. Legal risks. Legal risk refers to the possibility that the transaction contract can not be protected by law and lead to losses.
3. Risks in the real estate market. Due to the irregularity of China's real estate market, the risks of the real estate industry are transferred to the provident fund management center through loans.
4. The credit risk of the borrower. As the objects of provident fund loans are mostly low-and middle-income workers in society, some workers' solvency declines due to unexpected events such as unemployment, laid-off or disease disasters, and loan risks will occur.
5. Operational risks. Operational risk refers to the possibility that the provident fund management center may make mistakes or make improper decisions when handling personal housing loan business, resulting in loan losses.
6. Incidental risks. Collateral risk refers to the risk that after the borrower defaults, the provident fund management center cannot dispose of the collateral or the interests are damaged.
What are the risks of mortgage loans of commercial banks and how to prevent them?
Judging from the development of China's commercial banks, the risks faced by China's commercial banks are concentrated in credit risk, market risk, operational risk and liquidity risk.
1, credit risk
Credit risk, also known as default risk, refers to the possibility that creditors will suffer losses because the counterparty (debtor) is difficult or unwilling to perform repayment. Bank credit risk mainly refers to the risk of bank loan loss caused by the debtor's failure to repay the loan in full as scheduled. Credit business is the traditional and main business of banks. Banks are the credit center of society and the concentration of credit risks. Therefore, under the condition of modern credit economy, the credit risk faced by banks is a prominent risk, and the losses brought by credit risk to banks are also huge.
2. Market risk
Market risk refers to the risk that the bank's on-balance sheet and off-balance sheet business will suffer losses due to adverse changes in market prices (interest rate, exchange rate, stock price and commodity price). Market risk exists in the transactions and non-transactions of banks. The Basel Committee defines market risk as the risk of loss of positions inside and outside the balance sheet due to changes in market prices.
3. Operational risk
According to the types of risks, operational risks can be divided into four categories, namely, internal operational processes, human factors, institutional factors and external events. According to the risk factors, it can be divided into seven types, including: internal fraud; External fraud; Safety issues in employee activities and workplaces; Security issues of customers, products and business activities; The physical assets maintained by the bank are damaged; Business interruption and system error; Administration, delivery and process management, etc.
4. Liquidity risk
Liquidity risk is one of the main risks faced by commercial banks in China. With the increasingly open financial market, once the liquidity risk turns into a liquidity crisis, it will cause irreversible losses. Compared with credit risk, market risk and operational risk, the causes of liquidity risk are more complex and extensive, and it is usually regarded as a comprehensive risk.
According to the risk analysis of loan mortgage, we can guard against risks from the following aspects.
① Strict audit. Strict examination of collateral, property right relationship, mortgage contract and related documents is the fundamental measure to prevent loan mortgage risk.
For the collateral itself, the credit personnel should review the authenticity of the collateral title certificate and verify the authenticity of the collateral (such as houses and land use rights) corresponding to the title certificate through field visits; Secondly, credit officers should also review the collateral in strict accordance with relevant laws and regulations to see whether the collateral is allowed by relevant laws and regulations and whether it belongs to the scope of collateral allowed by banks.
For the property right relationship of collateral, if it is owned by * * * (such as a house), there must be a power of attorney from other * * * people who agree to mortgage, and if it is the property of a partnership enterprise, there must be a power of attorney from other partners who agree to mortgage. If it is the collateral of state-owned enterprises and collective enterprises, there must be a certificate of authorization from the competent SASAC and the workers' congress to agree to mortgage; If it is the collateral of a limited liability company or a joint stock limited company, there must be an authorization certificate that the shareholders' meeting or the board of directors agrees to mortgage according to the company's articles of association.
For all kinds of certificates of collateral, the credit personnel must strictly examine and require the relevant certificates to be complete. This requirement must be determined according to the specific collateral. For example, the mortgage of imported cars requires many procedures, such as operation license, product certificate, purchase and sale contract, customs declaration, invoice and so on.
For mortgage contracts, credit officers must strictly examine the relevant conditions of the loan contract, especially its additional effective terms and the business scope of the borrower's business license. In addition, it is particularly important to note that the validity of the mortgage contract must cover the validity of the loan contract.
(2) Do a good job of registration. According to the guarantee law, real estate, trees, aircraft, ships, vehicles, enterprise equipment and other movable property need to be registered according to law, and the mortgage contract will take effect from the date of registration. Therefore, when handling mortgage loans, banks must pay special attention to whether the collateral needs to be registered before it can take effect. In addition, it is necessary to confirm whether the loan contract and guarantee contract need to be notarized according to relevant laws and regulations.
③ Do a good job in value evaluation. Collateral value evaluation is the most commonly used means to prevent mortgage loan risks. To this end, banks should first establish a complete set of internal management system for collateral value evaluation and carry out collateral value evaluation on a regular basis. Units with conditions and needs should also establish a daily mark-to-market system and pay attention to personnel training in this area. Secondly, we should strengthen the contact, understanding and evaluation of asset appraisal companies to prevent the fraud risk in the outsourcing of collateral value appraisal business. Thirdly, we can't completely ignore the government departments that issue mortgage property certificates, especially analyze the possibility that borrowers bribe key personnel of government departments to issue false property certificates or repeat mortgages.
④ Do a good job in asset preservation. Asset preservation of bank loans involves the disposal of collateral. In the case of default by the borrower, the bank should seal up the collateral in time to protect its rights as the first beneficiary. When disposing of collateral, efforts should be made to coordinate the relationship with relevant stakeholders, fully consider disposal costs, taxes and interest losses after loan default, and prevent the risk of selling collateral cheaply.
Extended data
The operational risk management of banks involves not only the internal procedures and processes of banks, but also the organizational structure, policies and operational risk management processes of banks. For institutions, there should be appropriate policies to deal with operational risks. First of all, we must determine these policies and inform the employees of the whole bank. In this process, we should consider several aspects: first, we should have a clear governance structure and know who to report to under what circumstances.
In a typical bank case, there should be a separate credit risk management organization, and different business departments should be responsible for the daily business management, that is, there are two reporting mechanisms to report the daily business situation to the managers of such business departments respectively;
As for credit, it must be reported to the relevant credit manager. There is also a very important point in the information involved in banks, that is, the people who get the information and the details of different levels of information. For example, what the board of directors needs is a common information, and it is impossible to give everyone the same information. In addition, information should be flexible and flexible methods of collecting information are needed.