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Research on the Problems and Countermeasures in the Construction of New Socialist Countryside
The problems of agriculture, rural areas and farmers are the focus of government attention and scholars' research. The first step of China's reform originated from "agriculture, countryside and farmers". Obviously, the success or failure of China in the future will also depend on "agriculture, countryside and farmers". Agriculture is fundamental to a vast country, and only by solving the "fundamental" problem can it be the most thorough, valuable and revolutionary.
In April, 2006, the National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) issued an instruction on conducting research on major issues of rural economy. According to the research project issued by NDRC, the author conducted targeted research in rural areas of Xiangtan County, and formed a comprehensive research report by using the relevant research results of the grassroots office of Xiangtan County Committee, the political research office of the county Committee and the economic research office of Xiangtan County Government.
The survey results show that the village-level collective economy is weak, farmers' income is weak, the village construction planning is lagging behind, and the long-term investment mechanism is lacking, which has become the four major problems facing the construction of new countryside in China. The main reasons that affect the construction of new socialist countryside are the policy imbalance, institutional obstacles and the gap between urban and rural areas that are contrary to "industry feeds back agriculture and cities drive rural areas". In order to achieve the grand goal of building a new socialist countryside, the author believes that we should do a good job in five aspects: first, develop production and realize economic reconstruction with the concept of industrialization-the study of rural cooperative economic organizations; Second, live a good life and realize social reconstruction with industrial layout-research on increasing farmers' income; Third, realize the system reconstruction of rural civilization with market-oriented thinking-the study of rural social security system; Fourth, the village is clean and tidy, and ecological reconstruction is realized by urbanization strategy-a study on rural environmental pollution; V. Managing Democracy and Realizing Cultural Reconstruction by Scientific and Technological Means —— Research on the Construction of Rural Grassroots Organizations
Keywords: rural economy, economic development and harmonious development
Over the past three years, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China has formulated and issued three No.1 documents concerning agriculture, countryside and farmers, which have effectively promoted farmers' production and income, improved the comprehensive agricultural production capacity, and created a new situation in building a new socialist countryside. On February 8, 2004, the Opinions of the Central Committee of the State Council on Several Policies for Increasing Farmers' Income was issued, which is the sixth No.1 document of the Central Committee since the reform and opening up. The document calls for adjusting the agricultural structure, expanding farmers' employment, accelerating scientific and technological progress, deepening rural reform, increasing agricultural investment, strengthening agricultural support and protection, striving to achieve rapid growth of farmers' income and reversing the trend of widening income gap between urban and rural residents as soon as possible.
On June 30, 2005, 65438 "Opinions of the Central Committee of the State Council on Further Strengthening Rural Work and Improving Comprehensive Agricultural Production Capacity" was issued, which is the seventh No.1 document of the Central Committee since the reform and opening up. The document calls for stabilizing, improving and strengthening various policies for supporting agriculture, earnestly strengthening the construction of comprehensive agricultural production capacity, continuing to adjust the agricultural and rural economic structure, further deepening rural reform, striving to achieve stable grain production and sustained income increase for farmers, and promoting all-round economic and social development in rural areas.
On February 2 1 2006, Several Opinions of the Central Committee of the State Council on Promoting the Construction of a New Socialist Countryside was issued, which is the eighth No.1 document of the Central Committee since the reform and opening up. The document calls for perfecting and strengthening the policy of supporting agriculture, building modern agriculture, steadily developing grain production, actively adjusting agricultural structure, strengthening infrastructure construction, strengthening rural democratic political construction and spiritual civilization construction, accelerating the development of social undertakings, promoting comprehensive rural reform, promoting farmers' sustained income increase, and ensuring a good start in building a new socialist countryside.
One of the difficult problems: the rural debt problem
According to the survey, the annual rigid expenditure of a large administrative village is about 6.5438+0.5 million yuan, and that of a relatively small administrative village is not less than 6.5438+0.5 million yuan. But at present, the economic situation of most villages is not optimistic. There are several reasons: first, due to policy constraints, enterprise restructuring has cut off income, tax and fee reform has reduced income, and investment attraction has lost income; Second, there is little room for economic development, which is limited by land resources, capital and natural resources; Third, the fiscal transfer payment can't make ends meet, the unpredictable expenditure is rising, and the normal operation is unsustainable. Village-level collectives often have weak economy and no money to do things, which has become a prominent problem in the construction of new countryside.
First, the rural debt structure analysis
The total debt at the county and township levels is 55 16 19900 yuan, including 425863300 yuan at the township level and 0 125756600 yuan at the village level. The debt structure is as follows:
According to the causes: a, the debt caused by local projects and enterprises1499.245 million yuan (including township138141million yuan and village1783.5 million yuan). B, do a good job in welfare, "nine-year compulsory education", township hospitals and village welfare construction liabilities of 58.5377 million yuan (including township 48 192 1 ten thousand yuan. Village level 10345600 yuan), accounting for 10438+0%. C) The principal and interest of village-level debts due is 35,994,800 yuan (including 24,847,200 yuan at the township level and114,760 yuan at the village level), accounting for 6.53%. D. For example, the debt caused by rural infrastructure construction is 492.20110,000 yuan (including 30.7066 million yuan at the township level and 0.851.35 million yuan at the village level), accounting for 8.92%. E, due to the village-level financial management confusion, the historical debt caused by cadres1335,540 yuan (including 968 1400 yuan at the township level and 3,674,000 yuan at the village level), accounting for 2.42%. F, farmers' unpaid taxes and collective debts increased to 6.5438+0.06402 million yuan year by year (including 46.5972 million yuan at the township level and 59.8048 million yuan at the village level), accounting for 654.38+09.29%. H, the debt caused by other reasons 138 185400 yuan (including township 127697800 yuan, village 10487600 yuan), accounting for 25.05%.
Divided by creditors: a. The amount owed to banks, rural credit cooperatives, foundations and other financial institutions is 20 13 17900 yuan (including township 176 14460 yuan and village-level 25 17330 yuan). B, 340188,200 yuan is owed to rural project owners (including 27.557 million yuan at township level and 663120,000 yuan at village level), accounting for 6.2%. C owed 76.826 million yuan to rural cadres (including 57.6909 million yuan for rural cadres and 0.91.351.000 million yuan for village cadres), accounting for 654.38+0.03.93%. D, owe rural teachers 25184,000 yuan (including 24.523 million yuan at the township level and 66 1 10,000 yuan at the village level), accounting for 4.57%. E, 25,680,600 yuan was owed to private individuals (including 5,370,700 yuan at township level and 0,030,900 yuan at village level), accounting for 4.66%. F, owed to other economic organizations 1088 17400 yuan (including 60492400 yuan at the township level and 4832500 yuan at the village level), accounting for 19.7%. H, 79,605,800 yuan is owed to other creditors (including 64,084,700 yuan at township level and 0/.552.1.000 yuan at village level), accounting for 1.442%.
Second, the causes of rural debt analysis
1, limited financial resources. With the implementation of rural political and economic system reforms such as household contract responsibility system, merging villages with districts, rural tax and fee reform, and exemption from agricultural tax, village collectives no longer have the right to distribute surplus products and control economic income, and rural collective income such as "five unification and three lifting" and agricultural tax surcharge also disappears, most administrative fees in towns and villages are cancelled, extra-budgetary income drops sharply, and rural collective income sources are gradually exhausted; Due to the shortage of talents, technology, capital and market, the degree of enterprise organization is low. Once prosperous township enterprises went bankrupt or reformed in 1990s, and the annual management fee income of each township went up in smoke. 1988- 1993, the state implemented a financial management system of "dividing taxes, checking revenues and expenditures, and contracting at different levels". Local finance has a high proportion of retention, great financial autonomy and relatively affluent financial situation. However, after 1994, the tax-sharing system was implemented, and the local exclusive taxes were only small taxes such as business tax, profits paid by local enterprises, urban land use tax, stamp duty and value-added tax.
2. Rigid expenditure remains high. Due to the expansion of the organization and the expansion of the team, the basic expenses such as wages, lost time subsidies, office expenses and transportation expenses in rural areas are overwhelmed, and the policy capital increase can only be "suspended". Unexpected expenses caused by emergencies such as drought and flood disasters, forest fires and mine disasters have made the already poor rural financial resources even more stretched. ,
3. Serious financial loss. After the land is divided into households, the village-level collective property is exhausted; The loss of state-owned assets is serious in the process of withdrawing areas and merging villages and reforming enterprises; Personal tax, relationship tax and tax collection and management are not strong enough, which leads to the failure to collect taxes in full according to national policies; Farmers' income is slow, the gap in agricultural tax collection is large, it is difficult to collect taxes owed, and the collection cost is high; Since the implementation of the tax-sharing system, a certain four-year township tax task must be unconditionally completed, and towns that fail to complete it can only buy taxes at high prices (20-30% handling fees) or borrow at high interest rates; Rural foundations and mutual savings cooperatives, established in 1994, took deposits at high interest rates from the beginning, illegally lending in large quantities, which directly threatened the financial order. 1999 When the state ordered the forced closure, the township finance borrowed 1. 1.8 1 billion yuan from the state to pay farmers' deposits. The gathering of the "two sessions" in rural areas is not only a county, township and county.
4. Blindly expand construction investment. In the early days of reform and opening up, due to the separation of government from enterprises, the government set up enterprises and guaranteed loans for enterprises, which made towns and villages have to spend huge sums of money to pay for the losses of enterprises and repay the principal and interest of non-performing loans for enterprises; All kinds of standard projects and achievements projects waste people's money, which makes the rural debt increase sharply; In order to promote the adjustment of agricultural industrial structure, the government uses administrative means to organize farmers to develop new production and operation projects and sign production guarantee contracts with farmers. After the project failed, the government had to pay huge tuition fees for farmers.
5. The budget is not binding and wasteful. The financial budget report adopted at the township people's congress meeting is often a form. The township financial expenditure is robbing Peter to pay Paul, and there is no budget at all. Second, the financial expenditure of villages and towns is often decided by the secretary and township head, regardless of whether the budget is budgeted or not. Expenditure decision-making is not only out of budget, but also basically without democracy, not to mention the financial system. Third, the village-level financial management is chaotic, and the phenomenon of illegal expenditure in township-level financial accounts is more common. Limited rural financial resources "run, run, drip and leak" is serious, and the snowball of rural debt is getting bigger and bigger. Fourth, the main leaders of villages and towns change frequently (the average term of office is about 2 years). In the subconscious of the leader, there is no long-term plan at all. Most of them are for the sake of living, guarding the stall, trying to find a way, hoping to get rid of the "bitter sea" as soon as possible, and the randomness of expenditure is infinitely magnified. Fifth, there is no plan for village-level expenditure. "You got the money, you can use it today, and you can spend it tomorrow anyway" is the way for most village cadres to manage their money.
In the current rural performance evaluation mechanism, there are many digital mandatory hard indicators, but there are no evaluation indicators of administrative costs. Rural cadres have no cost consciousness in the administrative process, which objectively encourages the bad atmosphere of extravagance and waste. Individual rural cadres spend public funds to create false political achievements for their own career and reputation. Under the condition that rural financial resources are getting worse and worse, office expenses, transportation expenses, communication expenses and official reception expenses are rising constantly, eating and drinking have become a common practice, and public money gifts are getting worse and worse. In the consumption of public funds, attention is paid to ostentation and extravagance, grades and comparison with each other, the debt burden is getting heavier and heavier, and the masses complain.
Third, the impact of rural debt analysis
Huge rural debts have a great negative impact on the operation of grass-roots organizations and the stability of rural society.
1 is an important incentive for illegal administration. After the imbalance of rural revenue and expenditure, the first thing that rural cadres think of is to use administrative resources and collect various fees from administrative counterparts under various excuses. Therefore, the "three chaos" in rural areas can not be cured for a long time; In order to make up for the shortage of working funds, both rural areas are keen on illegally requisitioning land for construction, and get 20-30% income from land speculation; Due to the shortage of funds, government agencies and cadres are driven to take various hidden means to run enterprises through business; In order to ensure the normal operation, rural cadres try their best to make up for the shortage of work funds through abnormal channels and means under the guise of project construction.
2, directly affect the party's ruling ability. The economic base determines the superstructure. The heavy debt burden makes the main rural leaders in a state of "borrowing new debts, repaying old debts and avoiding debts" all day, which affects their energy in planning economic development; The salary of cadres in Xiangtan county is only ~ ~ city 1/2 and Changsha city 1/3, and it cannot be paid on time. In order to pay taxes and advance work funds, rural cadres hold thousands, tens of thousands or even more than 65,438+10,000 yuan in their hands, and the payment is far in sight. Thousands of rural people are upset and depressed; Facing the serious shortage of stock and increment, the rural infrastructure and social welfare facilities that are forced to run with illness and are in urgent need of improvement, the rural secondary level is unable to transform and construct, and the phenomenon of the disconnection between supply and demand of rural public goods is more severe; Due to the lack of sufficient funds, the limited funds for agricultural technology popularization and education are used to being misappropriated in rural areas, which directly affects agricultural technology popularization and rural basic education. The heavy debt burden makes it difficult for rural secondary management and public service functions to function normally, which is bound to affect the party's ruling ability. At the same time, due to the lack of public investment, it also directly restricts the development of agriculture and rural economy, affecting farmers' income and getting rich.
3. It is detrimental to the image of the party and the government among the masses. Huge rural debts make township governments and village committees the biggest debtors in rural areas. Internally, the wages owed to rural cadres and the private use of public funds range from loans owed to financial institutions and construction units to utilities, freight, meals and office supplies. Moreover, under the current circumstances, the rural areas have no repayment ability at all, so they can only take countermeasures that can be delayed and avoided, and the social credibility is greatly reduced. In order to recover the arrears as soon as possible, the creditors, in desperation, endlessly pestered the rural cadres, blocked the cadres' homes and rural residences, blocked the school gates, and forcibly removed farm tools and office supplies, which made the rural cadres notorious and unable to carry out their work.
The second problem: the problem of increasing farmers' income
In recent years, the state has implemented a series of policies to benefit farmers to increase farmers' income, but due to various factors, it is still very difficult for farmers to increase their income. Getting rich for farmers is the fundamental purpose of building a new socialist countryside, and it has become a big challenge for farmers to increase their income.
First of all, it is difficult to increase the income of aquaculture. The ability of agriculture to resist market risks and natural disasters is weak, and the instability of income increase is great. Although the state subsidizes farmers to grow grain, the continuous increase in the prices of means of production and the operating costs of machinery has invisibly increased the production costs, making it difficult for farmers to increase their income in the breeding industry. Second, industrialization is difficult to drive. In recent years, agricultural industrialization has developed, but the overall competitiveness of agriculture is not strong, and the degree of organization of farmers entering the market is not high, which is not obvious to drive farmers to increase their income. Companies plus farmers and associations plus farmers did not bring much benefit to farmers' income. Companies, associations and farmers have not really formed a close interest linkage mechanism, and farmers have hardly benefited from the secondary distribution of enterprises or associations. Some places regard cooperative economic organizations or associations as ordinary enterprises, some as social groups, and some places have no proper birthright at all. This chaotic situation makes it difficult for farmers' cooperative economic organizations to make loans, taxes, insurance and many other aspects, which seriously hinders their development. Third, it is difficult to increase income through transfer. With the increasing proportion of rural labor force transferring to secondary and tertiary industries, the number of migrant workers and local labor force is huge. However, due to the low comprehensive quality, most of the labor force is still engaged in low-income jobs, and the transfer of skilled labor force is less, so it is impossible to obtain higher income, and the growth of farmers' wage income is restrained. Fourth, it is difficult to increase income by policy. Since 2005, the state has abolished the agricultural tax and its surcharges, and the policy of "one exemption and three subsidies" has improved farmers' enthusiasm for farming, but the space for farmers to rely on policies to increase their income is also shrinking, and there is no more way.
I. Implementation of agricultural policies
Before the tax and fee reform, the farmers' tax burden in 200 1 year ~ ~ county was: agricultural tax 28,404,509 yuan, agricultural specialty tax 5,000/kloc-0,600 yuan, pig slaughter tax 0,352,700 yuan, township overall planning 47,604,645 yuan and village retention/kloc-0,800 yuan. 98 yuan is paid per capita, with an average mu (calculated by taxable area) of 108 yuan. Some temporary apportionment and hitchhiking expenses (probably more than 30 yuan/person) have not been counted.
During the tax and fee reform in 2002, Xiangtan County reduced a number of unreasonable taxable areas, determined the taxable output reasonably, abolished the agricultural specialty tax, pig slaughter tax and "five unification and three mention", and standardized the agricultural tax as agricultural tax and agricultural tax surcharge. In 2002 and 2003, farmers reduced 30 yuan/mu due to tax and fee reform.
In 2004, the agricultural tax rate was reduced from 7% to 4%, and the total agricultural tax and surcharge in the county was 33.04 million yuan, with a per capita burden of 3 1.98 yuan, and the per mu burden was 35.30 yuan, which was 67.42% lower than that of 5,438+0.98 yuan in 2006. In 2005, all agricultural taxes were exempted, and the county is expected to exempt agricultural taxes by 60.464 million yuan. Since then, farmers have been completely liberated from the shackles of tax burden.
In 2003-2004, the * * county reduced or exempted the agricultural tax by1016400 yuan, and obtained the same special transfer payment from the superior finance.
In 2002-2004, ~ ~ county * * * reduced and exempted agricultural tax relief agencies by 2 1.637 million yuan, giving priority to farmers, five-guarantee households, martyrs, disabled people, affected people and people in difficulty in the reservoir area.
In 2004, ~ ~ county strictly implemented the national policy, and distributed 9.7 million yuan of direct subsidy funds and 5.444 million yuan of grain subsidy funds, which directly increased farmers' income by 25 14.4 million yuan and per capita income by 245,438+0 yuan.
Second, the income of farmers in the county from 2000 to 2004.
< 1 >, the total per capita net income of farmers and its composition changes.
The per capita net income of farmers increased from 2,644 yuan in 2000 to 368 1 yuan in 2004, with a five-year increase of 1037 yuan, with an average annual increase of 8.62%.
From 2000 to 2004, the annual growth of farmers' per capita net income was unbalanced (3.97% in 2000, 5.3% in 2006, 5.7% in 2002 and 5.7% in 2003). In the past five years, although farmers' income has increased steadily, the average annual growth rate has been lower than 8.62% in four years. Its growth law has a strong stage and obvious jumping. The first four years are a period of low speed, with an average annual growth rate of only 6. 17. 2004 is a period of rapid growth, with an increase of 5 16 yuan compared with 2003. Growth 16.3, exceeding the net income of urban residents by 5.3 percentage points for the first time. Without the support of high-speed growth in 2004, it is impossible to achieve an average annual growth of 8.62%.
During the five years, the composition of farmers' net income was basically stable. The income of family business accounts for 60.78%, and the increase and decrease range is stable between 58-2.5% in five years; Wage income accounted for 36. 19%, and the increase and decrease range was stable between 34.3 ~ 38.9% in five years; Property income and transfer income only account for 0.87% and 2. 16%. In 2004, the total agricultural output value of Xiangtan County was 4.43 billion yuan, the agricultural added value was 2.52/kloc-0.00 billion yuan, the grain planting area was/kloc-0.874 million mu, the total grain output was 857,200 tons, 2,344,900 pigs were slaughtered, and the per capita net income of farmers was 3.68/kloc-0.00 yuan, up by 8.6% respectively over the previous year. Grain production has resumed growth in a short time, agricultural products have been harvested in an all-round way, and agricultural benefits have been significantly improved. In particular, the increase of farmers' income exceeded that of urban residents for the first time, which became one of the biggest highlights of the county economy, especially the agricultural counties under the macro-control of the state.
Second, the main characteristics of farmers' income growth
1, the growth of farmers' income still depends on family business income and wage income, and the income source channels are still narrow.
2. The growth of farmers' income is closely related to national policies. The rapid growth of farmers' income in 2004 mainly benefited from the policy effect. Exempting from agricultural tax not only lightens the burden on farmers, but more importantly, it fundamentally eliminates the stubborn disease of unreasonable charges in rural areas and makes all kinds of ride charges lose their dependence. The broad masses of farmers can be described as cheering and clapping their hands. Direct subsidy and good supply provide a stable channel for farmers to increase their income by policies, and at the same time, reducing burdens and increasing income make farmers get rid of the long-term vicious circle of "high negative and low income".
3. The growth rate of farmers' income has been hovering at a low level for a long time. Taking 2000-2004 as an example, the average annual growth rate was only 8.62%, among which, it was only 3.97% higher than that of 1999 in 2000, 5.3% in 2006 and 5.7% in 2002. Excluding the factors of rising prices, the growth of farmers' income was in a state of stagnation and negative growth from 2000 to 2003.
4. The internal differentiation of farmers' income is becoming more and more serious. In 2003, we investigated the income of 50 households in 20 villages in 8 towns, with an average household income of 8,400 yuan, of which 17 households with annual income exceeding100000 yuan, accounting for 34%. 26 households with an annual income of 5000~ 10000 yuan, accounting for 52%; 5 households with annual income of1000 ~ 5,000 yuan, accounting for10%; 2 households with annual income below 1000 yuan, accounting for 4%.
Third, the influencing factors of farmers' income growth
1, the space for farmers to increase their income is very limited. Since 1998, there is another important factor besides policies. After 10 years of family management, rural productivity and production efficiency per unit land area have reached the extreme. Before the emergence of new economic system, industrial structure and mode of production and operation, agricultural production and farmers' income increase will inevitably enter a "dormant period". The increase in production, income and efficiency in 2004 was the result of good policies, prosperous market, hard work and help from heaven. The guiding role of policies and the stimulating role of the market have once again reached the extreme. It is not easy to maintain the good development trend in 2004, and it is also difficult to seek new development and breakthrough.
In 2004, the output and price of crops were also close to the peak, and there was obviously a serious "memory" deficiency by increasing the unit output and raising the market price. Under the international background of the continuous concentration of world agricultural products production and trade, the monopoly of global agricultural products trade, the huge subsidies of developed countries for agricultural products and the establishment of green barriers to the import of agricultural products from other countries, China's agricultural products market competitiveness is not strong.
In 2004, the average tariff of agricultural products in China dropped from 45% to 17%, and many agricultural products were generally reduced by 20-30%. The market price of international agricultural products in China will also drop by 20-30%, and the pressure of falling agricultural products prices is increasing. Small-scale production of one household has been unable to withstand the impact of international and domestic markets, and domestic agricultural products production and processing enterprises are facing new tests and challenges.
In the Year of the Rooster, the price of agricultural products encountered a "cold wave". First, the price of rice dropped by 5 ~ 8 yuan /50kg compared with 2004, and then the price of sacrificial pigs plummeted from late April to late May. Good pigs dropped from 10.2 yuan/kg last year to 8.4 yuan/kg, and good pigs dropped from 1 1 yuan/kg last year to 8.4 yuan. Wage income has become the "growth enterprise market" of farmers' income. Affected by the sustained and rapid growth of the national economy and relatively more employment opportunities, especially the industries that need migrant workers, such as urban construction and manufacturing, are growing strongly, and there are relatively more employment opportunities for migrant workers. The rapid development of local economy will also provide a certain number of jobs for the transfer of local rural labor force. It is estimated that in recent years, wage income will become the most important contribution factor to farmers' income growth. However, from the perspective of development, the labor economy is also facing many constraints. First, the competition is becoming more and more fierce. There are 4.2 billion rural laborers in China, and the demand for agricultural laborers is only 654.38+0.7 billion, and there are 365.438+0 billion rural surplus laborers. Coupled with laid-off workers and new employees in cities and towns, the carrying capacity of cities is relatively limited. Second, with the continuous improvement of industrialization, the demand for labor is getting less and less. Third, the supply of labor exceeds demand, and the quality requirements of workers are getting higher and higher, and the wages of manual workers will be lower and lower. Fourthly, the labor economy in Xiangtan County is still spontaneous, with loose management and low degree of organization. If we don't attach great importance to it, we may lose some labor export markets.
2. The risk coefficient of increasing farmers' income is large. The countryside is a huge "open-air factory". In a sense, farmers depend on the sky for food. At present, China has not yet established an agricultural risk relief mechanism. In case of natural disasters, farmers can only look up to heaven and sigh. Since the reform and opening up, the national economy has achieved extraordinary rapid development, and the pressure on resources and environment is increasing day by day. As we all know, environmental pollution, water loss, ecological imbalance and resource shortage caused by over-exploitation and blind expansion will inevitably lead to abnormal climate and frequent natural disasters, and the risk coefficient of increasing farmers' income will continue to increase.
3. The autonomy of farmers to increase their income is very limited. In the face of increasingly fierce market competition, limited by ideological concepts and cognitive level, farmers stick to their own land, and it is difficult to form a wave-like land transfer mechanism that adapts to the laws of market economy, and it is difficult to adjust the industrial structure. Farming, raising pigs and working can't make the farmers' income leap and change qualitatively, and the motivation to increase income is obviously insufficient.
The price of agricultural products is the "barometer" of agriculture, and the price of agricultural materials is the "wind vane" of agriculture. Farmers can only unconditionally and passively accept the "two prices" and the uncertain factors of increasing farmers' income. Starting today, the prices of agricultural products have dropped sharply, but the prices of agricultural materials have soared. The retail price of urea (the same below) was 1950 yuan/ton, up 14.9% year-on-year. Potash fertilizer 2200 yuan/ton, up 29.4% year-on-year; 540 yuan/ton of ammonium bicarbonate, up17.4%; Compound fertilizer 1050 yuan/ton, up 32.9%; Seed 9 yuan/kg, up 28.6%; Farmland 14 yuan/kg, up 4%; Seedling throwing tray is 0.65 yuan/piece, up160%; The average increase of pesticides is also above 20%. Due to the price increase of agricultural materials, the farming cost of farmers has increased by more than 50 yuan/mu. According to the calculation of "two exemptions and one subsidy" of 55.72 yuan per person in Xiangtan County in 2004, the benefits brought by the policy to farmers were completely offset by the increase in the price of agricultural materials.
Affected by the shortage of coal, electricity and oil transportation and the rising price of raw materials, the rising price of agricultural materials has its objective reasons. However, through the phenomenon of price increase, we can still find some deep-seated problems that cannot be ignored. First, in recent years, the propaganda of public opinion on agriculture and rural economy is biased. Agriculture and rural economy have just turned around. Television, newspapers, internet and other media hype the rural situation, unilaterally publicize and exaggerate achievements, ignore or downplay existing problems, giving people the misleading public opinion that the "three rural issues" have been solved and farmers have become rich. All walks of life, especially agricultural producers and distributors, are scrambling to share the "cake", laying the groundwork for the price increase of agricultural materials. Second, farmers are completely inconsistent with the production and operation information such as the production cost and zero difference rate of agricultural materials. Whether, why and how much to increase the price are all decided by the manufacturers and distributors. Third, the state has introduced many preferential policies and invested a lot of money in the "prenatal" subsidies for agricultural means of production, but the real "benefits" often fall into the hands of production enterprises and distributors. On the one hand, they enjoy the preferential industrial policies of the country, on the other hand, they complain bitterly and clamor for operating at a loss, raising the market price of agricultural materials again and again. Finally, the peasants were squeezed.
The third question: town planning.
I. Construction of rural infrastructure projects
Second, the current 1998 since the construction of rural infrastructure projects problems
The fourth question: input mechanism.
1, the financial loss is serious, and economic development is restricted by the "bottleneck" of funds.
2. It is difficult to go to school, see a doctor, get a loan and go to court.
The main reasons: policy imbalance, institutional obstacles, urban-rural gap.
One of the reasons is that the mode of production and operation is backward and the industrial technology content is not high.
The second reason: weak infrastructure and fragile comprehensive production capacity.
The third reason: the township institutions are bloated and the ranks of cadres are huge.
The fourth performance: the funds at the village level are tight, and the grass-roots organizations are difficult to operate.
The fifth reason: the relationship between the party and the masses is alienated and the relationship between cadres and the masses is tense.
The sixth reason: the serious lack of labor export in the social security system has caused social problems.
Production development realizes economic reconstruction with the concept of industrialization
-Research on rural cooperative economic organizations
References:
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