Financial accounting is the main component of China's accounting system. It is a professional accountant who accurately, completely, continuously and comprehensively accounts and supervises the management activities of financial institutions and measures, processes and transmits financial information of financial institutions in accordance with the basic principles, basic principles and basic methods of accounting. It helps users of information to make reasonable and effective decisions in business governance and other economic activities.
Financial accounting is an important part of financial governance. The more finance develops, the more important accounting becomes. The importance of financial accounting requires that its accounting and supervision of financial institutions' management activities and the financial information it reflects must be absolutely accurate and in line with objective reality. However, financial accounting also faces various risks brought by complex external environment and human factors. The so-called risk can be variously understood according to people's different understandings. Risk is an objective doubt about the future outcome in a specific situation; Risk is the chance or probability of loss. However, at present, the most accepted definition of risk is "uncertainty of loss". Therefore, the so-called financial accounting risk refers to the decision-making mistakes caused by accounting errors or accounting information provision errors in the process of financial institutions' operation and governance, and the possibility of financial institutions' funds, property and reputation suffering losses due to the deterioration of subjective and objective conditions or other circumstances.
Second, gradually establish a new governance-based financial accounting system that adapts to the characteristics of commercial operation
In the process of preventing and resolving financial accounting risks, we should give full play to the governance function of accounting, effectively use the theories and methods of modern governance accounting, track and monitor the bank's business operations throughout the process, actively participate in bank business decisions, and gradually establish a new governance-based financial accounting system that can adapt to the characteristics of commercial operation. First of all, it is necessary to establish an accounting system that combines centralized and unified governance with hierarchical authorization accounting as soon as possible, comprehensively rectify the accounting work order, strengthen the basic work of accounting, actively control the "three falsehoods" such as false vouchers, false account books and false statements, effectively improve the quality of accounting, and provide true, reliable, comprehensive and relevant accounting information in time to improve bank management and prevent financial risks. Secondly, we should implement a unified accounting governance system as soon as possible, and put an end to illegal operations and off-balance-sheet operations. At present, many risks and losses in China's banking industry are largely related to illegal operations and off-balance-sheet operations, which, to a certain extent, exposes the drawbacks of non-uniform financial accounting governance, affects the play of accounting functions, and makes it difficult to obtain normal accounting information in time, not only failing to find problems in time, but also easily covering up problems and delaying the opportunity to disperse and resolve risks. Therefore, only by realizing a unified accounting governance system within financial institutions as soon as possible can we effectively curb violations and off-balance-sheet operations and effectively prevent and resolve financial accounting risks.
Third, strengthen and improve the information disclosure and disclosure system of financial accounting
Without timely, reliable and complete accounting information from inside and outside the bank, it is impossible to prevent and control financial risks. Therefore, the accounting information from the external borrowing units of banks should be required to be authentic, comprehensive and relevant. First of all, considering the fact that the false accounting statements of Chinese enterprises are flying all over the sky and the accounting information is seriously distorted, banks should force them to submit the accounting statements audited and verified by certified public accountants when accepting loan applications, and ask the accounting firm that issued the audit report to bear unlimited joint liability. Secondly, when accepting enterprise loan applications, banks should require all lending enterprises to provide cash flow statements, and should change the original emphasis on the assessment of enterprise profit indicators and static financial ratios into the assessment of cash flow indicators and financial ratios related to cash flow statements. Finally, in view of the fact that the accounting statements compiled and provided by Chinese enterprises are too simplified and the information content is low, when banks accept loan applications from enterprises exceeding a certain amount, they should not only require enterprises to submit the main accounting statements, but also require enterprises to provide supplementary accounting information that can specifically disclose their solvency.
iv. further improve the financial accounting system to fully reflect the principle of prudent accounting
(1) improve the method of drawing bad debt reserve, increase the proportion of drawing, expand the scope of drawing, and simplify the approval procedures for write-off
(1) consider drawing bad debt reserve according to the risk of loans, that is, change the current method of drawing bad debt reserve to drawing it in full at a certain proportion (such as 1%) of the total amount of loans actually incurred every month. For the problem loans, the "special bad debt reserve fund" should be accrued immediately according to the possibility of bad debts, according to the predetermined accrual ratio. When these two bad debt reserves accumulate to a certain amount, which is enough to completely resolve the possible risk of bad debt loss of all problematic loans, the bad debt reserve can no longer be accrued. Banks and financial institutions should be allowed to deduct the provision for bad debts according to the above methods before tax.
the second is to further relax the scope of provision for bad debts, so that the scope of provision for bad debts can not be limited to credit loans, but also include overdraft, financial leasing and deposit of interbank funds with the same risks.
thirdly, the conditions for the confirmation of bad debts should be relaxed, and some harsh provisions for the confirmation of bad debts in the current system should be reformed, so that many actual bad debts can be written off in time. We can consider allowing banks to confirm all overdue loans that exceed a certain period as bad debts and write them off. In addition, the examination and approval procedures for write-off of bad debts should be simplified, and banks should be given certain autonomy to write off bad debts.
(II) Improving the current provision method for bad debts
According to the current system, the provision for bad debts of banks is made at 3‰ of the balance of accounts receivable at the end of the period. The disadvantage of this method is that it cannot reflect the relationship between the composition of interest receivable with different maturities and different properties and the possibility of bad debt loss, which makes the occurrence of bad debt loss uncoordinated with the withdrawal of bad debt reserve. For this reason, banks can be required to use aging analysis method to make provision for bad debts, and determine different proportions of making provision for bad debts according to the age and nature of accounts receivable. In addition, banks should be forced to withdraw risk reserve funds according to a certain proportion from the annual net profit, which should be used to compensate various risk losses.
(3) Banks should be allowed to adopt the rule of lower cost or market price for long-term financial assets and some non-financial assets
Banks can compare the book value of assets such as precious metals, mortgage loans, lending funds, short-term investments and long-term investments with fair market value or net realizable value at the end of each accounting period. When the fair market value or net realizable value of these assets falls below the book cost, or there is obvious evidence that the assets held by the bank may suffer losses, the book value should be adjusted, and the difference between the fair market value and the book value should be directly included in the current profit and loss.
v. Focus on building a comprehensive and effective financial accounting risk supervision and guarantee system
The financial accounting risk supervision and guarantee system should include three parts: before, during and post supervision. Prior supervision should mainly include the formulation and assessment of financial risk early warning index system. That is, it reflects the liquidity risk index system, such as the reserve ratio; An index system that reflects the risk of insufficient capital, such as capital adequacy ratio; Reflect the asset risk index system, such as overdue loan ratio; Reflect the financial market risk index system, such as interest rate risk rate; An index system that reflects the profit and loss situation, such as asset profitability; An index system that reflects the financial situation of the loan object, such as current ratio, quick ratio, production and sales rate, return on assets, etc.
In-process supervision should mainly include dynamic monitoring of the steady operation of banks. The decision-making department of the bank should take the above-mentioned series of indicators reflecting financial risks as the responsibility indicators that need to be assessed and implement them to all relevant responsible departments. The accounting department should work with other functional departments to establish a dynamic monitoring mechanism for financial risks, compare the indicators reflecting financial risks from all aspects with the warning values of the financial risk early warning index system at any time, and send feedback signals to relevant departments in time, urging and supervising relevant departments to take corrective measures in time to ensure that bank operations always follow the principle of stability and safety, and try to avoid and reduce the damage caused by financial risks. In addition, in-process supervision should also include the supervision of the implementation of banking business norms and laws and regulations, so as to maintain the unity and severity of laws and regulations and prevent the risk loss caused by illegal acts.
post supervision, mainly through the inspection and analysis of original vouchers, accounting vouchers, account books and various statements, should conduct a comprehensive review of the results of the bank's steady operation, assess the implementation of the financial risk control responsibility indicators of various units, and put forward rectification suggestions and measures in view of the existing problems, so as to further prevent financial risks. In addition, a strict internal control system and internal audit system should be established and improved within the bank, so as to effectively plug the loopholes of financial risks in all aspects of bank operation and form an effective barrier to prevent financial accounting risks.
Vi. Vigorously carry out activities to rectify the financial accounting order
In view of the phenomenon that some financial institutions, with the help of accounting means, engage in illegal operations by misusing accounting subjects, falsifying accounting statements, and setting up off-balance-sheet accounts, have caused serious distortion of accounting information, it is necessary to carry out "three frauds" and create "three railways" activities in the financial accounting department, and make this activity regular and institutionalized.
VII. Actively carrying out responsibility accounting and widely using computerized accounting system
Carrying out responsibility accounting is an effective means to prevent financial accounting risks, because the division of responsibility centers conforms to the principle of decentralized risk control, and the full combination of responsibility, power and benefit in a small scope is also helpful to find existing problems in time and solve them. However, a large number of vouchers and statements generated by the responsibility center, without the assistance of computers, the existing accountants can not take into account the responsibility accounting work in their daily accounting work. Therefore, in order to provide timely, effective, comprehensive and complete accounting information, it is necessary to establish a modern computerized accounting system, and the computerized system of financial accounting should be developed from a business data processing system to a system that pays equal attention to business processing, governance and decision-making. Through the development and application of computerized accounting system, the existing financial accounting governance accounting system will be improved, the accounting level and quality will be continuously improved, and technological progress in preventing and resolving financial accounting risks will be achieved.