From March 9 to June 6, the US Congress held a special session at the request of President Roosevelt. Roosevelt put forward various State of the Union addresses to supervise and guide the legislative work of Congress. Congress passed the Emergency Banking Act, the Federal Emergency Relief Act, the Agricultural Adjustment Act, the Industrial Recovery Act and the Tennessee Valley Management Act at an alarming rate.
1933- 1934 The New Deal focuses on "revival". The main measures are: maintaining bank credit, depreciating the US dollar, stimulating foreign trade, restricting agricultural production to maintain agricultural product prices, and avoiding farmers' bankruptcy; 1935- 1939 The New Deal set the agreed price, reduced the competition among enterprises, and focused on "mitigation" and "reform". The main measures are: more effective use of administrative intervention, slow inflation, extensive public works construction and emergency relief, social insurance to expand employment opportunities and improve social purchasing power; Reform the tax system, pay taxes according to the ability to pay taxes, and collect enterprise income tax and excess profit tax at different levels. Roosevelt's New Deal restored public confidence in the American political system and strengthened federal government institutions. As a result, industry and agriculture in the United States gradually recovered in an all-round way. 1936 at the end of his first term, faced with a 50% increase in national income, Roosevelt described it beautifully: "At this moment, factories and machines are playing together, the market is prosperous, the bank has strong credit, and cars and boats are full of passengers and goods." So it is not surprising that 1936 Roosevelt was re-elected as president.
1933, the Roosevelt administration recognized the Soviet Union and established diplomatic relations with it. 1934, the US Congress abolished platt amendment, which interfered with Cuba's sovereignty, and the US troops withdrew from Haiti and Nicaragua, while the US allowed the Philippines to become independent. Of course, while pursuing the policy of good-neighborliness, Roosevelt also grossly interfered with Latin American countries.
In the mid-1930s, fascism in Germany, Italy and Japan became the two major sources of war in Europe and Asia. However, isolationism prevailed in the United States at this time. 1935, the U.S. Congress passed the Pitman resolution aimed at maintaining the neutrality of the United States. The resolution stipulates that the United States is prohibited from exporting weapons, equipment and credit in wartime, and the "buy and ship out from here immediately" clause valid for two years authorizes the president to ask the belligerents who buy non-military materials in the United States to pay cash and ship them on their own ships. In the face of the aggression and expansion of fascist countries, isolationism and China's legislation are tantamount to acquiescence and connivance of aggression and expansion. In order to guide the United States and its public to prepare for the anti-fascist war and strengthen the national defense force of the United States, Roosevelt waged a resolute and artistic struggle against isolationism.
1937 10, Roosevelt delivered a speech at the inauguration ceremony of the new bridge in Chicago, pointing out: "When an infectious disease begins to spread, in order to protect the health of residents and prevent the epidemic, society allows and * * * isolates patients" and "war will spread. War can take away countries and people far from the original battlefield. We are determined to stay out of the war, but we cannot guarantee that we will not be affected by the disaster of the war and avoid being involved in the crisis of the war; . "Isolated speech" was severely criticized. Even Roosevelt said with trepidation afterwards, "You wanted to take the lead, but looking back, there was no one behind you. How terrible this situation is! " But "isolated remarks" pointed out the existence of war terror to the American public after all.
1938 65438+ 10, in his special speech, Roosevelt urged an immediate increase of 20% in the naval construction fee. After a heated debate, Congress passed Vinson's naval expansion law in May, allowing the development of the navy with US$ 654.38 billion. This fact shows that most serious Americans have seen the threat of war, so they agree to strengthen their defense. 1938 12 At Roosevelt's initiative, the Pan-American Conference adopted the Lima Declaration, which reflected the determination of American countries to fight fascism. 1938 In March, after the German army entered Prague, the US Deputy Secretary of State condemned Germany's "unscrupulous illegal behavior" and "bullying" on behalf of the President.
1939 September, after the German-Polish War broke out, Roosevelt had to issue a formal statement of neutrality and implement legislation in China. At the special meeting of Congress on September 2 1 Sunday, Roosevelt took advantage of the disaster brought by the embargo policy to the United States-1814, and tried to persuade Congress to abolish the embargo clause, claiming that "of course, recalling this to you is only a retelling of history". After heated debates inside and outside the Congress, the Congress passed the amendment to the neutrality law, canceled the embargo clause, and implemented the principle of cash purchase and self-transportation. Roosevelt signed it immediately.
1940 in may, the British and French allied forces were defeated by the Germans. Roosevelt asked Congress to allocate additional defense funds to strengthen combat readiness. In order to gain the support of * * * and communist party people, Roosevelt appointed henry stimson as Secretary of the Army and Frank Knox as Secretary of the Navy. During World War II, the successive secretaries of the US Army were Harry Woodring (1937 to1June 940) and henry stimson (1June 940 to/September 945). Claude Swanson (until 1939), Charlie Edison (1940), Frank Knox (from 1940 to 1944) and JamesVincentForrestal (succeeded by 1944). When Britain was in danger, Roosevelt began to provide weapons and equipment to Britain.
1940 at the beginning of the presidential campaign, Roosevelt concentrated all his energy on expanding his army and preparing for war. Under the influence of Roosevelt, Congress approved the expansion of Lu Haijun, and the draft Burke-Wadsworth military service law was passed. On September 2, Roosevelt signed an agreement with Britain to transfer 50 destroyers to Britain, and Britain leased some naval bases from the United States. This agreement means the end of formal neutrality and marks the beginning of limited American participation in the war. When Democrats held a presidential nomination meeting in Chicago in July, 1940, it was unclear whether Roosevelt would seek a third term without precedent since President Washington. In this regard, Roosevelt played a little trick. He made a statement to the nomination meeting through Senator Alben Buckley, announcing that he had no desire and purpose to be the next president, and urged the delegates to choose people they liked, but his name was included in the nomination list through Senator Lister Hill. However, * * * and the party's presidential candidate Wendell wilkie boasted: "Electing Roosevelt means sending their sons, brothers and lovers to the grave." The conference began to brew a vote. When the list of Roosevelt candidates was submitted to the conference, the whole venue was in chaos, and the delegates expressed strong opposition with boos and cheers. Roosevelt was forced to change his strategy, assuring voters that he advocated peace, and even made a promise: "your children will not be sent to participate in any foreign wars ... The purpose of our defense is to defend. Mrs. Roosevelt immediately flew from new york to Chicago and made a speech inside and outside the meeting, which quickly changed the atmosphere of the meeting. She said: "This is not a normal time, but an extraordinary period when the war is approaching. We should not quarrel over any other issues except what we can do for the benefit of the whole country. " Mrs Roosevelt's words touched the hearts of the delegates. Mrs. Roosevelt's speech was prominently published in the newspaper that night, and the voters' mood suddenly fell to Roosevelt.
At that time, due to frequent world wars, in order to ensure the consistency of American foreign policy, Americans, especially isolationists, did not approve of changing leaders halfway, so 55% voters chose Roosevelt. Therefore, Roosevelt finally broke the tradition established by President George Washington, the "father of the country" of the United States, and was elected president of the United States for the third time.
"
1940 12 Rover, who was visiting the Caribbean, received an urgent letter from British Prime Minister Churchill, saying that Britain needed a lot of weapons and equipment to deal with German military forces, but the day when British finance could not deliver cash for American weapons and equipment was coming. Therefore, at the press conference, Roosevelt made no mention of the suggestion that the United States lend money to Britain or give British munitions, but talked about the usual example-"I" lent the garden watering pipe to my neighbor who was on fire to help him put out the fire. After the fire was put out, the neighbor returned the water pipe or compensated the water pipe, which was easy to discuss; Then fireside chats declared: "We must become a great arsenal of democratic countries" and "I demand that our people absolutely believe that our common cause will achieve great success". The American public agrees with this.
In 194 1, 1, Roosevelt asked Congress to "authorize and allocate enough funds to manufacture more arms and various military materials to be handed over to countries that are actually fighting against the aggressor countries". 1941March, the lease bill passed by Congress (the president has the right to lease weapons and equipment to countries related to US security) came into effect after the president signed it. 60% in Britain and 32% in the Soviet Union. The passage of the Lending Act put the United States in a non-belligerent state, which was an important milestone for the United States to actively intervene in the anti-fascist war.
1941June, after the outbreak of the Soviet-German war, Roosevelt condemned the German aggression and announced that the United States would assist the Soviet Union. In August, Roosevelt and Churchill held talks in Newfoundland and published the Atlantic Charter. The Charter declares that the United States and Britain do not pursue territorial expansion, nor do they want to make territorial changes against the wishes of the peoples concerned, and respect the right of all ethnic groups to choose their forms of government.
19411On February 7th, Japan attacked Pearl Harbor and the Pacific War broke out. Germany and Italy declared war on America. The United States declared war on Japan, Germany and Italy and formally participated in the Second World War. Lieutenant General walter short, commander of the US Pacific Army responsible for the Pearl Harbor incident, and Admiral Hefford Chimel, commander-in-chief of the Pacific Fleet, were dismissed from their posts on June 5438+February 65438+July. In February and March of the following year, Short and Chimel retired with Major General and Major General respectively.
In order to win the war, Roosevelt ordered the implementation of war mobilization and reorganization of military command institutions. Before the end of the war, the number of American armed forces reached 1.5 1.40 million, including army 1.42 million, army aviation 2.3 million (with more than 70,000 aircraft), navy 3.88 million (with 4,500 ships), marine corps 590,000 and coast guard 240,000. 194 1 the scientific research and development bureau, established in June, is in charge of national defense science and technology research. Its main achievements are: developing radar and electronic equipment, radio fuzes for rockets, bombs and missiles for actual combat, and atomic bombs. 194 1 spring and summer, the production management bureau gradually completed the transformation of the United States into a wartime economy. Since then, the material priority distribution committee, wartime production committee, economic stability committee and wartime mobilization committee have been responsible for the production and distribution of war materials, thus ensuring the war needs of the United States and its allies. The news inspection bureau and the wartime information bureau are responsible for the news propaganda work in the United States. Starting from 1939, Roosevelt forced the old and frail generals to retire and promoted those with operational command ability to the highest command level. 1942, Roosevelt ordered the formation of the joint chiefs of staff (composed of george marshall, chief of staff of the army, ernest king, chief of naval operations, Henry Arnold, commander of the army aviation, and Li Hao, chief of staff of the president) on the basis of the former Lu Haijun Joint Committee to exercise unified command over the armed forces.
Roosevelt awakened American foreign interventionism in the 1940s, and at the same time he decided to establish an organization to maintain world peace-the United Nations after World War II. In order to study the military situation and make a joint operational plan, Roosevelt and Churchill held the "Acadia" meeting in Washington (194165438+February) and reached the following major agreements: 1942 and1943; Establish a "munitions distribution Committee" to co-ordinate the distribution of munitions, and set up a joint meeting of chiefs of staff of the United States and Britain to coordinate allied joint operations; The United States, Britain, the Netherlands and Australia established the Allied Command in the Pacific region. The formation of the China Theater (and the formation of the US Army Memorial Department in the China-Burma-India Theater); Reiterate that the allied strategy is "Europe first", that is, defeat Nazi Germany first; Draft a joint national statement.
1942 On New Year's Day, at the initiative of Roosevelt, representatives of 26 countries including the United States, Britain and the Soviet Union signed the United Nations Declaration in Washington, and the international anti-fascist alliance was formally formed.
1In the first half of 942, the British army in North Africa fought and lost many times, and the military situation faced by the allied forces was extremely unfavorable. In order to get rid of the military dilemma, as compensation for 1942 Allied Forces' failure to open a second front in Europe, Roosevelt, despite Marshall's opposition, decided with Churchill that the Allied Forces would implement the landing operation in north africa operational plan. The war in North Africa wiped out the German and Italian troops in the region.
At the beginning of 1943, Roosevelt and Churchill led relevant commanders and staff officers to hold a military meeting in Casablanca, Morocco. The meeting decided 1943 to attack Sicily, and the attack on France was postponed to 1944. At the joint press conference after the meeting, Roosevelt declared that the fascist axis countries must? Quot Unconditional surrender ","This does not mean to eliminate all the residents of Germany, Italy and Japan, but to eliminate the philosophical thoughts of these countries based on conquering and enslaving other nations ".
From 1943, the allied forces changed from strategic defense to strategic attack. In order to coordinate the actions of the allies and discuss the postwar policies of the allies, Roosevelt held a series of important meetings with the leaders of the allies.
1943 in March, Roosevelt and Aidan talked about the establishment of an international organization to maintain world peace and security after the war. With Roosevelt's efforts, Congress agreed that the United States should join such international organizations.
In May, Roosevelt, Churchill and relevant commanders and staff officers held a Trident meeting in Washington, and decided to seize the Azores to provide a new naval and air military foundation. Strengthen air strikes against Germany; Eisenhower was ordered to attack Italy after occupying Sicily; May of the following year 1 is the implementation date of "Overlord" plan; Make a detailed plan to launch a new offensive in the Pacific.
After the collapse of Mussolini's fascist Italian government, Roosevelt and Churchill held a "Quadrant" meeting in Quebec in August and decided to negotiate a truce with the new government. However, the Allies are still fighting the Germans for Italy.
10, Roosevelt, Churchill and Chiang Kai-shek held a Cairo meeting in Egypt. The meeting discussed the military situation between China and Myanmar, decided to implement the "Anna Jim" plan, and signed the Cairo Declaration of the three countries. According to the declaration, the three countries aim to deprive Japan of all the islands in the Pacific since World War I, return the territory stolen by Japan from China to China, and make Korea free and independent. & lt
After the Cairo Conference, Roosevelt and Churchill went to Iran to hold a Tehran meeting with Soviet Supreme Commander Stalin. The meeting mainly discussed the opening of the second battlefield in Europe, Italy's military action and offensive action in the Pacific, the Soviet Union's war against Japan after Germany surrendered, Poland's border, the disposal of Germany after the war, and the establishment of international organizations to safeguard world peace and security after the war. The meeting reiterated that the Allies would implement the "Overlord" plan in May 1944. In order to keep Marshall in Washington, Roosevelt decided to appoint Eisenhower as the supreme commander of the allied forces and implement the "overlord" plan.
1 June 5th, 944 (delayed from May1Sunday due to climatic reasons), the allied forces landed in Normandy, France, and implemented the "overlord" battle plan, thus forming the second battlefield in Europe. From 65438 to 0944, World War II reached the most critical moment, and the American presidential election was approaching. American public opinion generally believes that the Chief Executive should not be replaced at a critical moment. The democratic government of the United States warned voters: "People in the river, it is best not to change boats."
Roosevelt chose Harry S. Truman as his running mate. At first, Truman suddenly felt that he had never conducted such an election campaign, fearing that it would not help Roosevelt's future. After Roosevelt persuaded him, he finally agreed. In order to win the election, Loford refuted the "tired old man" attack by * * * and the party's presidential candidate, Thomas E. Dewey, and made public the scene where his doctor, Ross McIntyre vice admiral, showed people a health certificate, and held a demonstration in bad weather.
1944165438+10/7, Roosevelt was re-elected for the fourth time with 53% of the votes. During this term, Roosevelt died in Georgia only 73 days after taking office. In this way, franklin roosevelt was re-elected for four times, 12 years and 39 days. He was the first president to be re-elected for more than two terms, breaking the precedent of Washington. Due to the restriction of Article 22 of the constitutional amendment passed by 195 1, he will be the only president in American history to be re-elected for four terms. Roosevelt was elected president of the United States four times. Besides war, is there any secret of success? The answer is yes. James byrnes, the authoritative biographer of Roosevelt, has come to the following conclusions after a lot of research: seize public opinion; Good at grasping the opportunity; Concerned about political details; Pay attention to internal factional struggle; Personal charm and political skills. Roosevelt's re-election as president for four times is extremely important to the American political system and the world anti-fascist war.
1945 In February, Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin held the Yalta Conference in Crimea. The meeting mainly discussed the disposal of Germany after the war, the governments of Poland and Eastern Europe, the United Nations and the Soviet Union's war against Japan. The meeting reiterated that Nazi Germany must surrender unconditionally.
From 65438 to 0944, he held a series of meetings and implemented a relatively open policy in the fields of finance, trade, food and agriculture. In a word, he has a good eye for the United States, and he is the only one who can prevent the United States from making isolationist mistakes again.
Heavy political and war affairs damaged Roosevelt's health. 1April 945 12, Roosevelt died of a sudden cerebral hemorrhage in a hot spring in Georgia. He is the author of Looking Forward and On Our Road. His body was buried in Hyde Park. According to Roosevelt's wishes, the United States established the Roosevelt Library to keep Roosevelt's public and private documents for future generations to study. After President Roosevelt approved the decree of establishing the National Archives in 1934, he was determined to make his own documents eventually belong to the National Archives, instead of falling into the hands of the Library of Congress. His documents are also much more than those of previous presidents. For example, his predecessor Hoover received an average of 400 letters a day, while Roosevelt received an average of 4,000 letters a day. 1938, Roosevelt built a library on his own property in Hyde Park, new york, and used donations from more than 28,000 donors to store his documents. 1943, he donated the library and real estate to the American people. He donated money to the federal government on 1939 and approved the establishment of the national presidential library system to manage these materials. Roosevelt's own library (Roosevelt Library) was built in 194 1 and dedicated to the American people. He said at the celebration of Hyde Park in new york: "For me, giving to the library is an act based on faith. Collecting and storing past data in buildings is for future use. A country must believe in three things: it must believe in the past, it must believe in the future, and it must believe that its people have the ability to learn from the past and get judgments when creating their own future, and this is the most important thing. " The Roosevelt Presidential Library is the first presidential library built in the United States. It was built in Hyde Park on the Hudson River in new york City with private donations. 1939, Congress passed a bill and decided to accept President Roosevelt's request to hand over the library to the state and the national archives for management. It was not until 1955 that Congress formally decided to build a presidential library for every outgoing president in the form of Roosevelt Presidential Library, but it was stipulated that the construction cost should come from voluntary donations from the people and not be invested by the government. Upon completion, the ownership will belong to the federal government. It is managed by the National Archives and Documents Administration. 1978165438+1October, President Carter signed the President's Document Law, which stipulates that from198110/October 20, all the United States. It is also stipulated that the appearance of this bill marks a big step for the U.S. government to centrally keep official documents, thus realizing centralized and unified management. In order to fulfill this responsibility, the National Archives and Documentation Bureau of the United States set up a working contact group in the White House, which is responsible for implementing the management arrangements of presidential documents and promoting the transfer of presidential files to the National Archives and Documentation Bureau. He naturally accumulated a lot of documents in his hand. He attaches great importance to and cherishes his letters and documents. He not only accumulated millions of manuscripts, but also collected 65,438+050 audio recordings of world famous leaders' speeches and 200 documentaries about their activities. Roosevelt Presidential Library has done a lot of work in the supplement, cataloging and utilization of archives. All the collected manuscripts and printed documents were systematically sorted out, and * * * was divided into 18 categories, and a classified catalogue was compiled. The museum also collects some documents and materials from the president's family members and colleagues. This library was opened in 1946, with a collection of 16227 cubic feet (1992 materials).
The famous American journalist Johnson wrote in Roosevelt's biography: "He overthrew more precedents and smashed more ancient buildings than anyone else. He changed the whole face of America more quickly and violently than anyone else. However, he deeply believes that American architecture is quite beautiful as a whole. " Roosevelt was the most beloved and hated American president in the 20th century. He is loved because although he was born into a noble family, he believed in the value of ordinary people and fought for the rights of the people. Another reason why he is loved is that he has awesome charm. He is happy at work and full of confidence in the future. He led the United States out of economic difficulties and changed the American way of life. Then, in order to defend democracy, it helped the world achieve security.
He can be gratified by everything behind him: 25 days after his death, Germany surrendered unconditionally, and three months later, Japan surrendered unconditionally. And polio, which accompanied him all his life and struggled tenaciously, was finally conquered ten years after his death-1955 April 12.
Historians and political scientists agree that Roosevelt, Washington and Lincoln are the three greatest American presidents.
Roosevelt
Franklin roosevelt was born on1October 30th in new york, USA. 1900 to 1904 studied at Harvard university, 1905 transferred to Columbia university law school, and dropped out after passing the new york bar exam. 19/kloc-Senator new york in 0/0, 19 12 years. 19 13 vice minister Ren Haijun. 192 1 8 suffered from polio during his vacation. He was still an activist of the Democratic Party, and his wife attended the meeting on his behalf.
Roosevelt worked hard to promote the unity of urban and rural areas in the Democratic Party. 1920 failed to run for president as james cox's running mate. Lawyer new york 1920 1928. Mayor of new york from 65438 to 0928; Because of the tax reduction for farmers, it won the hearts of the people and was re-elected with 1930. 1932 ran for the presidency, put forward the "New Deal" plan, and won by an overwhelming majority.
When Roosevelt 12 years old,
When 1933 took office, most banks in the United States closed down one after another, the ratio of industrial production level to 1929 dropped by 56%, the number of unemployed people reached130,000, and farmers were extremely poor. Roosevelt expressed his determination to revive the national economy in his inaugural speech. As a result, people with different political views became his allies, and his "New Deal" was successfully implemented. Roosevelt balanced the members of his government geographically and politically, including members of the Liberal Democrats and conservative Democrats. There are three * * * and party member, and there is a female minister. His legislative plan is aimed at the broad masses of voters, trying to help the major interest groups in the American economy and win the support of * * * and party member. Its concrete measures include establishing the general administration of agricultural regulation, raising the price of agricultural products and restoring agricultural prosperity; Providing loans to large and medium-sized enterprises to stimulate business; Establish specialized agencies to provide relief and employment opportunities for unemployed workers. When Roosevelt ran for president in 1936, he got the support of farmers, workers and ordinary lower class people. During the second government, despite some minor setbacks, many reforms in the New Deal were still welcomed by most people.
1939 In September, when World War II broke out, Roosevelt asked Congress to hold a special meeting to amend China's legislation and allow belligerents to buy weapons from the United States under the rule of "cash purchase and self-transportation". 1940 When France was defeated, Roosevelt actively prepared for defense and decided to help Britain by all means except participating in the war. Provide 50 over-age destroyers for Britain in exchange for 8 bases in the western hemisphere.
1940 When running for the presidency, both Roosevelt and another candidate said that the United States would not intervene in foreign wars. However, those who advocated tough measures against Hitler supported Roosevelt, who won the third term of office. His lease bill was passed in Congress. The bill enables the United States to provide financial assistance to Britain and its allies. 194 1 In August, he met with British Prime Minister Winston Churchill on a warship and issued a joint press release announcing the Atlantic Charter, which included national self-determination, expanding economic opportunities, eliminating fear and want, maritime freedom and disarmament.
194 1 year 65438+On February 7th, Japan suddenly attacked Pearl Harbor. At Roosevelt's request, the US Congress met on February 8, 65438, and passed the resolution of declaring war on Japan within four hours. 65438+February 1 1, Germany and Italy declared war on the United States. After the war, Roosevelt mobilized all walks of life to actively engage in military production. At this time, the military production of the United States is about the sum of Germany and Japan; 1944 reached twice the output of Axis countries. During the war, he focused on strategic issues and negotiated with his allies about future peace plans. 1943, 1 announced the principle that the axis powers must surrender unconditionally in June. He believes that the maintenance of war and peace depends on maintaining friendly relations with the Soviet Union. Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin met in Tehran. Roosevelt and Stalin got along quite well. 1945 in February, the three giants met again in Yalta, Crimea, when the European battlefield war was coming to an end. The United States expects Japan to fight for another year and a half. Although the atomic bomb is being made, the United States never thought that its power would reach the great level that actually happened later. Roosevelt and his military advisers were eager to win Soviet aid in Asia. Stalin promised to fight against Japan. Roosevelt and Churchill also made concessions to the Soviet Union in the Far East. Roosevelt hoped to establish an effective international organization, namely the United Nations, to maintain post-war peace. He had planned to attend the inaugural meeting of the United Nations scheduled to open in San Francisco on April 27th, 1945. However, since 1944, the sanitary situation has gone from bad to worse.
Roosevelt's tombstone
In the presidential election from 65438 to 0944, Roosevelt exerted his last vitality, defeated Governor Dewey and was re-elected for the fourth time. Shortly after taking office, he went to the hot spring to recuperate and died of cerebral hemorrhage in April 1945.