Calculation and preparation is a calculation tool in ancient China. It is a special stick with a round, square or triangular cross section, made of wood, bone, bamboo and other materials.
As early as the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, calculation and compilation had been widely used in China. In the Spring and Autumn Period, Sun Tzu's Art of War recorded the rules of counting and divination for the first time. Numbers are expressed vertically and horizontally, which clearly embodies the decimal notation and fully demonstrates the brilliant achievements of ancient Chinese mathematics. As can be seen from the records of Nine Chapters of Arithmetic, China had a multiplication table and a score of 99 as early as the 6th century BC.
During the Qin and Han Dynasties, the calculation and compilation were further developed, and its length and thickness were clearly defined.
2. The first record of Halley's comet
Astronomy in ancient China was very developed, with long-term and accurate records of comets. As early as the 14th year of Lu Wengong in the Spring and Autumn Period (6 13 BC), China left the earliest record of Halley's comet in the world. According to the book Calculating the Spring and Autumn Period of the Western Han Dynasty, Halley's Comet entered the Beidou in autumn and July this year. In the west, the record of Halley's comet was not left until AD 1 century. Since then, from the seventh year of the King of Qin (240 BC) to the second year of Xuantong in the Qing Dynasty (AD 19 10), Halley's Comet has returned 29 times, and China has a complete record (there is also a saying that it has recorded 3 1 time). These records provide valuable information for us to study Halley's comet today.
3. Bian Que
Bian Que's real name is Qin Yueren. According to legend, when he was young, he worshipped Chang Sangjun as a teacher and studied medical skills. Since then, he has traveled around the world and cured many incurable diseases. His medical skill is brilliant and world-famous, and he can treat diseases in internal medicine, surgery, gynecology and pediatrics. Because of his excellent medical skills, people at that time called him Bian Que, a legendary imperial doctor.
Later, he went to the state of Qin, which was well received by the people of Qin. Li Yi, a doctor of Qin State, was jealous of him, so he sent someone to kill him.
Bian Que is the earliest famous doctor in China and the founder of China's prescription science. His appearance showed that ancient medicine in China was very developed.
4. Inventor Lu Ban
Lu Ban, whose real name was Gong Bo or Gong Bo, lived in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. Because he is from Lu, people also call him Lu Ban. His deeds are recorded in the Warring States Policy, Mozi and the Book of Rites.
In legend, he invented woodworking tools such as drilling and planing. It is said that he once made a flying magpie out of wood and bamboo pieces, which could fly in the sky for three days in a row, and also made a wooden horse car for his mother.
According to the book Mozi, when King Hui of Chu attacked the Song Dynasty, Lu Ban invented the ladder-a tool to defeat the enemy. The invention of the ladder greatly promoted the war technology in ancient China.
Therefore, Lu Ban was regarded as a granddaddy by craftsmen of all ages.
5. Shi Gan Yingjing
Shi Gan Jing was written by Gan De and Shi Shen. In the book, the two of them accurately recorded the positions of 120 stars near the ecliptic and their distances from the North Pole. This is the oldest catalogue in the world, which is about 200 years earlier than the first catalogue in Europe-the catalogue in the Iba Valley of Greece. The 28 constellations in the book are described by "distance" (that is, right ascension difference) and "declination" (the residual arc of declination), and the rest of the stars are described by "declination" and "declination", which is the equatorial coordinate system. This kind of catalog is divided into 365 and 1/4, which are consistent with the seasonal calendar.
Luban's image "Shi Gan Astrology" also accurately measures and calculates the planetary speed, thus making the Milky Way more comprehensive and far-reaching.
6. Fu Cha, the King of Wu, dug the Han River.
In order to attack Qi Jin and dominate the Central Plains, Fu Cha, the king of Wu, ordered the construction of a new city in Han Dynasty (now east of Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province) in 486 BC, and dug the Han River (also known as Han ditch, Han Yan ditch, meandering water and bell falling into the water), led the Yangtze River to the south, crossed Gaoyou West to the north, and then turned around. The opening of the Han River enables the Yangtze River to deliver water directly to the Huaihe River. Hanjiang River is the oldest canal in China, and its waterway was still used by the Grand Canal after the Sui Dynasty.
7. Completion of Zheng Guoqu.
Zheng Guoqu is a water conservancy irrigation project built during the Qin Dynasty. It was built in the first year of Qin Dynasty (246 BC). Zheng Guoqu was established because Qin was lobbied by South Korea, and its purpose was to consume Qin's national strength. At that time, Qin accepted the proposal of South Korea and put Zheng in charge of the construction of this project.
Zheng Guoqu is more than 300 miles long. Starting from the Xuankou, the water mirror is introduced to the southeast of Dali, and then Luoshui is injected to make full use of the terrain and environment, so as to achieve the effect of irrigation. Its completion will benefit more than 40 thousand hectares of land and greatly improve the soil quality of saline-alkali land. Therefore, the land in Guanzhong is more fertile.
8. Dujiangyan Water Control Project
Dujiangyan, which spans the Yangtze River in Sichuan, is one of the great water conservancy construction projects in ancient China. It was built in 56 years, and the project leader was Li Bing, then the commander of Shu County.
After careful field investigation, Li Bing chose Dujiangyan as the site of guanxian. Due to the rapid flow of water, he adopted the method of weaving cages with bamboo strips and filling stones at the bottom to ensure the firmness and solidity of the weir foundation. A complete and efficient engineering system of Dujiangyan is composed of a fish mouth mainly for water diversion, a flying sand weir mainly for overflow and sand discharge, and a bottle mouth mainly for water diversion. More than two thousand years later, Dujiangyan still benefits the people.
9. Ximen Bao commands Ye.
Ximen Bao was a county magistrate of Wei during the Warring States Period, when he worked in Yexian County. Yexian county is located on the main road between Zhao and Wei, and its geographical position and strategic position are very important. At that time, there was a Zhanghe River in Yexian county, which was often flooded and endangered the people. As soon as Ximen Bao took office, he immediately got rid of the local bad habit of "marrying Hebo" and exposed Mao Ting and people's attempts to plunder money in the name of "marrying". Subsequently, Ximen Bao led the people of Yexian County to open 12 canals to irrigate saline-alkali land with the water from Zhanghe River, which achieved high yield, eliminated floods and made people live and work in peace and contentment.
Ximen Bao governed Ye County, and at the same time led troops to attack Yan State, which recovered the land occupied by Yan State and promoted the prosperity of Wei State.
10. Yu Gong, a geographical work
Gong Yu was written in the Warring States Period under the pen name Dayu, whose author is unknown. It is an early and influential work on physical geography and primitive economic geography in the history of China.
In the book Huangdi Neijing, the eastern part of China is divided into Kyushu according to the boundaries of rivers and mountains under natural conditions, and the mountains, rivers, rivers, soil, products, transportation, land tax and nationalities in each state are described respectively. There are also two parts in the book: "guiding mountains" and "guiding water". The description of mountain system and water system is clear and accurate, and the water system network centered on the Yellow River at that time is well described, which is a precious historical material.
1 1. Zou yanchuang's theory of the end of five virtues
During the Warring States Period, Zou Yan ("Tan"), a master of Yin and Yang, felt that the ruler was becoming more and more extravagant and could not govern the country by virtue. Instead, he wrote "The End" and "The Great Sage" with a deep understanding of the news of Yin and Yang, and put forward the theory of "five virtues ending in the beginning". He believes that: wood fires, fire produces soil, soil produces gold, gold produces water and aquatic wood are the transformation forms of "five elements are born together", while water wins fire, fire wins gold, gold wins wood, wood wins soil and soil wins water, which is the opposite relationship of "five elements are born together". The characteristics of the five elements' mutual generation and mutual resistance determine the changes in nature and the replacement of human society.
The theory of "Five Virtues in the End" had a far-reaching influence on medicine, philosophy and politics, and laid the foundation for China's ancient thought of "positive leap".
12. Sina started to use it.
According to "off? The book says that where there are magnets on the ground, there are copper and gold mines underground. This is one of the earliest records of magnets in the world. By the end of the Warring States period, people had known the magnetic function of magnets absorbing iron. The attraction of magnets to iron has been recorded in Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals. Using the polarity of fingers, people invented an instrument to determine the north-south direction-Sina. Sina is shaped like a spoon, made of a magnet, with a round and slippery bottom, and placed on a copper plate engraved with directions. When in use, turn the spoon handle, and when it is stationary, the spoon handle points to the south. Sina is the earliest guide instrument in the world, and later developed into a compass.
13. Huangdi Neijing
Huangdi Neijing, referred to as Neijing for short, was China's earliest masterpiece that comprehensively expounded Chinese medicine, which appeared at the end of the Warring States Period.
Neijing consists of Su Wen and Ling Shu, each with 8/kloc-0 articles, which mainly discuss human anatomy, physiology, pulse, pathology, disease symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, prevention and health preservation. The ideas of holism, materialism, movement change and prevention embodied in this book have a simple materialistic tendency and dialectical viewpoint, which plays an important role not only in medicine, but also in the history of ancient thought.