1. The Yellow River seriously threatens the life of the Bohai Sea, which will disappear in the next 200 years.
The average depth of the Bohai Sea in the 1970s was 20m, but in the 1990s it became18m (according to Dagang Oilfield), and the deepest part was only 70m. Of course, the shallowing of the Bohai Sea is caused by sediment deposition carried by more than a dozen large and small rivers flowing into the Bohai Sea from the north, west and south, the most important of which is the Yellow River flowing into the Bohai Sea from the southwest. This can be seen from the fact that the seabed topography of the Bohai Sea is generally shallow in the southwest and deep in the northeast (note: the deepest part is in the sea area west of Laotieshan in Lushun).
According to some data, before the 1990s, the Yellow River was often cut off, and the Yellow River estuary was pushed into the Bohai Sea every year. Compared with the topographic map of the same scale published by 1958 (note: the actual terrain is pushed forward by one year, that is, 1957), the position of the Yellow River estuary shown by the satellite image of1day on May 2, 975 has advanced by 26 kilometers in 18 (according to Li Jianhua and others, Therefore, it is not an exaggeration to estimate the advancing speed of the Yellow River estuary into the Bohai Sea as 1 km per year. The distance from the Yellow River Estuary to the Laotieshan in Lushun is only 200 kilometers. The author (1998,2000) has inferred that if the current situation of the Yellow River flowing into the Bohai Sea is not changed, the Bohai Sea will disappear in 200 years.
This judgment is by no means sensational, because the same conclusion can be drawn from the shallowing speed of the Bohai Sea: the average water depth of the Bohai Sea changed from 20 meters to 18 meters in the 20 years in the 1970s, that is, it became shallower by 2 meters, and it became shallower every 10 years on average. At such a shallow speed, this ultra-shallow sea with a water depth of less than 20 meters will definitely disappear after 200 years. These calculation methods also belong to the "simple profit algorithm", that is, the cumulative contribution of the Yellow River sediment to the Bohai Sea in the previous year is not considered. According to the "compound interest algorithm", it must be less than 200 years, because with the Bohai Sea getting smaller and smaller, the speed of the Yellow River estuary advancing to the Bohai Sea is bound to be faster and faster; With the shrinking area of Bohai Sea, the shallowing speed of Bohai Sea is bound to be faster and faster. Therefore, the anxiety about the disappearance of the Bohai Sea is by no means groundless, but it is really necessary to consider "defending the Bohai Sea and preventing its disappearance" as an important strategic task from now on.
Second, saving the Bohai Sea should be the first strategy for harnessing the Yellow River.
Why save the Bohai Sea? What benefits does the existence of Bohai Sea have for us? In Introduction to Inland Water Body (1998), the author discusses the contribution of inland water body (now called "land wetland" by environmental scholars) to the ecological environment and its significance to China. Now I will briefly discuss the Bohai Sea issue as follows:
(1) Bohai Sea is a big bay that goes deep into Chinese mainland, and it is a valuable inland water body (it can also be considered as the largest onshore wetland in China). It plays an irreplaceable role in regulating the climate in North China, improving the ecological environment and maintaining biodiversity. Now ecologists call land wetlands "the lungs of the earth", so Bohai Bay is the lungs of North China, especially Beijing, Tianjin and Tangshan.
(2) The Bohai Sea is rich in vivid marine and plant resources. Because of the small wind and waves, the seabed is shallow and flat, which is very beneficial to coastal aquaculture along the Bohai Sea. Aquaculture around Bohai Sea is the main industry that local people rely on to become rich and well-off.
(3) Bohai Sea connects Northeast China, North China and East China, and the maritime traffic is cheap and convenient. Even Guangdong and Guangxi in South China, two lakes in Central China and Sichuan in Southwest China can be connected with North China by water transport.
(4) There are at least 4 ~ 5 large and medium-sized seaports around Bohai Sea. Recently, the state has invested heavily in the construction of Huanghua Port. Their significance in national defense, foreign trade, domestic trade, transportation and the development of the economic belt around Bohai Sea is well known, and the high profits they bring alone are calculated in hours or even minutes. There is no need to wait until the Bohai Sea disappears. As long as its water depth doubles, that is, it is less than 10 meter, most of these ports will be closed.
(5) Many scenic spots around Bohai Sea have become tourist hotspots. Many places have been built into summer resorts and resorts because of their pleasant climate and blue waves and white sand, and some distinctive coasts are being developed. They are closely related to the existence of the Bohai Sea, and they are the relationship between honor and disgrace.
(6) The Bohai Sea is a semi-enclosed bay, and the small exit in the east (Bohai Strait) is almost blocked by the Long Island Islands, with less wind and waves and less storm surge disasters. Therefore. Bohai itself is an excellent shelter from the wind.
(7) There have been territorial disputes in the Yellow Sea, the East China Sea and the South China Sea (only because of China's good-neighborly foreign policy). On the contrary, China has indisputable sovereignty over the Bohai Sea. Bohai Sea is the sacred blue land of China, which has been recognized by all countries in the world.
Since the Bohai Sea is so important to China, can we still watch it shrink and die from the ruins?
In recent years, the central government has put forward the strategy of sustainable development, the project of beautiful mountains and rivers and the grand blueprint for the development of the western region. Among them, the ecological management planning of Heyuan and the ecological restoration planning of Loess Plateau provide the most basic background conditions for the Yellow River management. Returning farmland to forest and grassland on sloping land in the Loess Plateau is undoubtedly the most practical and effective way to reduce sediment in the Yellow River. However, even if the project of beautiful mountains and rivers is successfully completed and the task of returning farmland to forests and grasslands is fully completed, the sediment of the Yellow River can only be relatively reduced, and the water of the Yellow River will be relatively clear, and the amount of sediment discharged into the sea will still rank first among all rivers. The Yellow River has always been famous for its high sediment concentration. Someone has done statistics. In normal years, the sediment carried by the Yellow River into the sea accounts for nearly two-thirds of the total sediment injected into all rivers in China's four major sea areas (according to Lu Shouben, 1999). Therefore, we can't expect much from the reduction of sediment in the Yellow River. The decrease of sediment can only prolong the life of the Bohai Sea, but it can't keep the Bohai Sea safe forever. The most fundamental and thorough way can only be to lead the Yellow River into the Yellow Sea.
Therefore, harnessing the Yellow River without considering the life span of the Bohai Sea can only be a short-sighted behavior, and saving the Bohai Sea should be put in the first place in harnessing the Yellow River and considered as a strategic task.
Three, the Yellow River has two destinations since ancient times.
Water has flowed into the sea for thousands of years, and the Yellow River has had two destinations since ancient times: one is to take the northeast and flow downstream into the Bohai Sea; The other is to flow southeast into the Yellow Sea. The Yellow Sea is called the Yellow Sea because the Yellow River carries a lot of sediment into it, which makes the sea surface along the Yellow Sea yellow. According to historical records, the Yellow River floods to the Yongding River basin in the north and the Yangtze River estuary in the south. It can be seen that the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain, the largest plain in China, is a flood plain formed by sediment deposition of the Yellow River.
In the past three or four thousand years, the Yellow River has been diverted five or six times, with numerous minor diversions and breaches (some data reflect more than 1500 times). Whether the lower reaches of the Yellow River enter the Bohai Sea via the northeast or the Yellow Sea via the southeast, it conforms to the structural and geomorphological characteristics. The study of geological tectonics shows that the crust of China is an oblique tectonic network formed by a series of structures interwoven in the northeast and northwest directions. In the whole Huang-Huai-Hai Plain, such structural traces can be found everywhere in the northeast and northwest.
At present, the northeast reach of the lower Yellow River basically took shape after Jiaqing in Qing Dynasty. However, whenever it overflows, it often bursts from below Zhengzhou and often flows to the Yellow Sea in the southeast. This left many traces of the old Yellow River, among which the old Yellow River in the Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China was well preserved. In the past hundred years, various published maps of China have marked the old course of the Yellow River (or "abandoned Yellow River") in the recent period. The old course of the Yellow River is now characterized by continuous or intermittent low-lying areas, sandy wasteland, saline-alkali land, ponds, reeds and swamps. Most of these places have brought people poverty and ominous signs: seeing them, even thinking about them, will immediately associate with the suffering scenes of the Yellow River bursting its banks, the Yellow River raging, leaving their homes and people dying. Because of this, there are few emerging cities or even prominent markets near the old course of the Yellow River for more than a hundred years (note: Xuzhou is an exception because of its hilly terrain and the status of the thoroughfare of the four provinces); It may also be because of the same reason that the relevant leaders and experts who manage the Yellow River seldom think about the problem of "introducing the old from Huang Ji". Next, the author will discuss the superiority and feasibility of "diverting the Yellow River (river) into the Yellow River (sea)".
Four, "the Yellow River (river) into the Yellow River (sea)" has many advantages.
Looking at all the strategies for harnessing the Yellow River in the past century, almost all efforts have been made in heightening the embankment, strengthening the embankment, washing sand by flood, and "parallel diversion". All these are correct, but only belong to the tactical problems in the Yellow River management. As we all know, if we don't solve the strategic problem of harnessing the Yellow River (leading this dragon away from the Bohai Sea), the above measures will only accelerate the demise of the already poor Bohai Sea. The master plan of "diverting water from the Yellow River to the sea" put forward by the author is a strategic issue for harnessing the Yellow River. The biggest advantage of "diverting the Yellow River (river) into the Yellow River (sea)" is that it can stop the rapid shrinkage of the Bohai Sea and make the Bohai Sea safe for thousands of years. The preservation of the Bohai Sea can give full play to the significance of its existence. This is the greatest benefit and the main idea of "attracting Huang Ji Yellow River", so I don't need to go into details. Let's analyze other benefits brought by the implementation of this strategy, and how to seek advantages and disadvantages in the specific implementation process.
(1) Most areas in northern Jiangsu are low-lying, with beaches from Yuntai Mountain in Lianyungang City to the Yangtze River estuary. Since the Yellow River North Water Transfer Project, the sediment supply in the coastal areas of northern Jiangsu has been greatly reduced. Under the erosion of waves, the coast has been retreating, and the land area has been decreasing, which is even more disastrous in the event of storm surge. Diversion of Yellow River into the sea in northern Jiangsu can fundamentally change the above unfavorable situation.
(2) The sediment carried by the Yellow River can gradually push the coastline into the Yellow Sea and expand the land area of China. Here, the expansion of the land territory will not lead to the reduction of the territorial sea area, because according to international practices, international laws and relevant agreements on marine management authority in the past two or three decades, coastal countries have the territorial sea right of 12 nautical mile (that is, the sea area within 12 nautical mile from the coastline is their territorial sea, and the territorial sea is also called blue land) and the jurisdiction of 200 nautical miles.
(3) With the expansion of China's land area to the Yellow Sea, the boundary of the territorial sea is gradually pushed to the high seas, and the seabed mineral resources originally on the high seas are gradually becoming the resources of China.
(4) The sedimentation of the Yellow River sediment in the downstream riverbed can gradually change the low-lying terrain in eastern Henan, northern Anhui and northern Jiangsu, and improve the ability of these places to resist disasters.
Description: Over the years, Chinese water conservancy experts have always had tendentious opinions in the discussion of the Yellow River regulation scheme. This opinion is a good strategy for harnessing the Yellow River, that is, once the river bed in the lower reaches of the Yellow River becomes a suspended river on the ground, the Yellow River will be diverted in parallel every 60 years or 100 years. The general method of parallel diversion is to take the north dike of the Yellow River as the south dike, dig a new river course in its north, and build a new dike in its north with the soil dug by the new river course as the north dike of the new river course; Therefore, the New Yellow River has become a normal river below the offshore plain. A few years after the completion of the Yellow River Diversion Project, there used to be a suspended river downstream. The above-mentioned parallel shunt scheme originally conceived by experts can be adopted. After several cycles, the northern part of Jiangsu and Anhui can change a single low-lying and flat landform into an undulating region, which is composed of various landforms and has considerable resistance to drought and flood disasters. In addition, after the completion of the "Beautiful Mountains and Rivers Project" on the Loess Plateau, the sediment of the Yellow River will be effectively controlled, and the parallel diversion period of the lower reaches of the Yellow River will be extended to 200 ~ 300 years. )
(5) Since the 1990s, due to the frequent interruption of the upper reaches of the Yellow River, there has been a phenomenon of transgression in the southwest coast of Bohai Sea, and this phenomenon will develop after "diverting the Yellow River into the Yellow River", just like what is happening in the coastal areas of northern Jiangsu. It's a bad thing in northern Jiangsu, but it may not be a bad thing at the border of Hebei and Shandong, because we have exchanged some coastal saline-alkali land and mud ponds for the same amount of Lantian, which has increased the vital capacity of North China.
(6) After "diverting water from Huang Ji Yellow River", the current water use problem in the lower reaches of the Yellow River can be solved by "diverting water from the Yellow River". What is "clear and turbid diversion"? It is from Xiaolangdi that the river is divided into two parts: clear water enters Shandong and muddy water enters Jiangsu. The concrete way is to lay a closed diversion pipeline in the riverbed of the lower Yellow River, introduce fresh water into the pipeline from Xiaolangdi and set up branch pipelines at a proper distance, which can solve some water consumption problems in cities and rural areas on both sides of the strait. Laying water diversion pipeline on the dry river bed has the following advantages: ① preventing water evaporation; (2) Prevent water infiltration and lateral infiltration; (3) to prevent the salinization of land on both sides of the "hanging river"; (4) Because the bottom of the "suspended river" is higher than the ground on both banks, water can flow by itself, saving energy; ⑤ The water supply can be basically quantified, and only a very small amount of clean water can be injected into the Bohai Sea (even no surplus); ⑥ The pipeline width is less than 1/20 of the original river width, and the remaining land can still be planned and used in a unified way. The benefits of muddy water entering Jiangsu are described above, so I won't go into details.
In a word, as long as we implement the strategy of "attracting Huang Ji Yellow River" according to the scientific method, we can achieve "having both sides"
It must be noted that after the capture of the Yellow River, major rivers such as Liaohe River, Luanhe River, Daling River, Ma Jiahe, Tu Hai, Xiaoqing River, Mihe River, Weihe River and Jiaolai River still flow into the Bohai Sea around the Bohai Sea. Among them, Haihe River, Liaohe River and Luanhe River are larger, and the sediment carried by them will still have a certain impact on the Bohai Sea. Haihe River is the confluence of many rivers in Hebei Plain, with more sediment and less sediment. Mud is easy to spread because of its fine particles, which threatens the Bohai Sea to become shallow gradually. Luanhe River flows out from the granite land in the east of Yanshan Mountain. The river is clear, with more sand and less mud, mostly coarse and medium sand. If the treatment is not stepped up, the northern Bohai Bay will still slowly shrink southward. Therefore, the governance of them should suit the remedy to the case.