(1) Enhance vigilance and risk awareness. Enterprises must base themselves on the market, fully consider the factors that affect the risk of debt financing, establish a sense of risk prevention, and formulate a risk avoidance plan suitable for the actual situation of enterprises. As a business leader, we should strengthen scientific decision-making, predict the risk of debt financing in time, and avoid the payment crisis caused by decision-making mistakes; When facing the risk of debt financing, enterprises should actively take measures to negotiate with creditors in time by delaying payment, lowering interest rates, restructuring debts, mobilizing creditors to convert some debts into investment, etc., so as to create conditions for the sustainable operation of enterprises and prevent creditors from taking improper measures to affect the production and operation of enterprises. Enterprise financial managers must always keep the risk of debt financing in financial management, coordinate all aspects of production and operation, establish financial backup mechanism, monitor the risk of debt financing at any time with systematic and dynamic methods, and strive to achieve high returns and low risks.

(2) Maintain a moderate debt, adjust the capital structure in time, and choose the optimal capital structure.

In the process of fund-raising management, it is one of the main tasks of fund-raising management to adopt appropriate methods to determine the optimal capital structure and make it optimal. On the one hand, in financing decision-making, enterprises should determine the best capital structure and continue to maintain the best structure in future additional investment; On the other hand, for those enterprises whose original capital structure is unreasonable, they can try their best to make their capital structure reasonable or even optimized by adjusting their capital structure.

Debt financing is the main financing method adopted by enterprises, because debt financing has the following three advantages: ① it can obtain financial leverage benefits; ② Debt financing interest can be deducted before tax, which can reduce the payment of enterprise income tax; (3) The low cost of debt financing can reduce the enterprise's weighted average cost of capital, improve earnings per share and increase shareholders' equity. However, excessive debt scale will increase the financial risk of enterprises. Therefore, enterprises should try their best to find an optimal capital structure, that is, the capital structure with the lowest weighted average capital cost and the highest enterprise value in a certain period of time.

(3) Broaden financing channels.

Most enterprises in China have a single financing method, mainly indirect financing by bank loans, and often get into trouble because of excessive debt burden, which increases financial risks. In order to reduce financial risks, enterprises must form a multi-channel, multi-mode and multi-type financing pattern and develop the direct financial corporate bond market.

(4) In terms of financing channels, the pursuit of winning by reputation.

It is a compulsory course for every successful business operator to actively maintain good relations with financial institutions, let financial institutions know about the enterprise, see its broad prospects and be willing to support its development. Specifically, it includes two aspects: on the one hand, the choice of financial institutions, interested in the establishment and growth prospects of enterprises, and willing to invest; Financial institutions that can give business guidance; Financial institutions with many branches and convenient transactions; Financial institutions with sufficient funds and low capital cost; Financial institutions with good staff quality and professional ethics. On the other hand, enterprises should actively communicate their own business policies, development plans, financial conditions, etc. Explain the difficulties encountered to the cooperative financial institutions, and win the trust and support of financial institutions with their performance and credibility, instead of taking funds by various illegal or improper means.

(5) Establish and improve the risk prevention and early warning mechanism.

Risk early warning system refers to the alarm system established to prevent the operation of enterprise financial system from deviating from the expected goal. It is a strategic management tool for enterprises to predict and prevent possible risks and crises in advance. As an effective financial risk control tool, the enterprise risk early warning system is more sensitive, and the sooner problems are discovered and notified to enterprise operators, the more effectively it can prevent and solve problems and avoid risks. Specifically, we can analyze important indicators related to fund-raising activities (such as capital cost rate, asset-liability ratio, etc.). ), and use these variables to classify and identify financing risks, and on this basis, build an early warning model of financing risks to prevent and control financial risks. In this process, we should pay attention to strengthening information management, perfecting the mechanism of fund-raising risk analysis and treatment, establishing a computer-aided management system for fund-raising risk early warning, and giving full play to the important role of this system in risk identification and management control.

(6) Scientific financing decision-making and institutional framework.

By establishing a feasible financing decision-making mechanism, the scientific level of financing decision-making can be improved and the decision-making risk can be reduced. On the one hand, we should standardize financing methods and procedures, do a good job in the feasibility study of financing decision-making, try our best to adopt quantitative calculation and analysis methods, and use scientific decision-making models to make decisions to prevent financial risks caused by financing decision-making mistakes. On the other hand, we should not only consider financing opportunities and risks, enterprise development goals and stages, existing capital structure and management status, but also consider financial matching factors. That is to say, arrange financing on the premise that the amount of funds needed for enterprise operation or investment projects matches, so as to prevent excessive financing or insufficient financing, thus ensuring a virtuous cycle of company funds and enabling the company's business growth to be supported by sound finance and normal production and operation activities.

(7) Improve literacy and strengthen management level.

Improve the fund management system, improve the level of enterprise financial management and financial control, and strengthen enterprise fund management. Organize production according to market needs, adjust product structure in time, improve enterprise production and operation process, keep inventory at a reasonable level, and continuously improve inventory turnover rate. In-depth investigation to understand the customer's credit rating, formulate a stable credit policy, determine a reasonable proportion of accounts receivable, strictly implement the enterprise collection responsibility system, actively collect funds, speed up the turnover of accounts receivable, and reduce and control the occurrence of bad debt losses; Adopt the form of commercial credit, rationally use customer funds, and strive to reduce the cost of debt financing; Master the financial analysis method, carefully study the fund use plan in combination with the actual situation of all aspects of the enterprise, and comprehensively analyze and evaluate the financial situation, operating results and cash flow of the enterprise by using the financial analysis method, so as to continuously improve the management level of the enterprise.

2. What are the main risks of international loan business? How do banks and financial authorities try to reduce these risks?

The following risks exist: 1. Credit risk refers to the counterparty's default, dishonesty, non-repayment or overdue in international loans. 2。 Market risk refers to the exchange rate risk involving foreign exchange in international loan business. 3。 Operational risk refers to the possibility of loan losses due to ignorance of the business process of transnational loans or the legal knowledge of the other party in the transaction. 4。 National risk refers to the influence of political, policy and economic changes in the lending country on the borrower's repayment. If a country has a financial crisis, its foreign loans cannot be repaid at all or on time. War and regime change in another country will also lead to national risks. Avoiding loan risks, reducing the loss of credit funds and improving the economic benefits of banks are the focus of financial work this year. In order to make this work lively and effective, in my humble opinion, three mechanisms should be strengthened. First of all, strengthening the credit management mechanism is the premise to reduce the loan risk. Mainly strengthen the four systems: (1) strengthen the loan approval system, conscientiously implement the method of separating the "three powers" of inspection, approval and inspection, and collectively approve large loans. In order to prevent mistakes, we should resolutely put an end to such abnormal phenomena as self-approval and self-loan, personal loan and administrative intervention loan. (2) Strengthen the loan tracking and inspection system. For a single loan, especially a large loan, it is necessary to track the whole cycle of enterprise capital operation and all links through which funds pass. Its advantages are: first, to ensure that enterprise funds can be used for special purposes and prevent misappropriation; Second, the use of funds can be implemented, even if the funds are blocked in which link, it is easy to find out so as to take remedial measures in time to avoid and reduce the loss of funds; (3) Strengthen the system of regular reporting and inspection of enterprise capital operation. First of all, enterprises are required to submit monthly business statements and analysis reports on time. If they cannot submit them on time, or the figures in the reports are distorted or forged, credit sanctions should be taken. Second, the credit department regularly checks and verifies the assets and funds of enterprises, at least twice a year, and makes it a system to check and implement, so as to prevent the loss of funds of enterprises. (4) Strengthen the credit system of "two openness and one supervision". Regularly announce the loan policies, conditions, objects and results to the public.

3. What are the main risks of international loan business? How do banks and financial authorities try to reduce these risks?

There are the following risks:

1。 Credit risk refers to loan repayment or overdue in international loans.

2. Foreign exchange rate risk involved in loan business.

3。 Operational risk refers to the possibility that the loan will suffer losses due to the legal knowledge of the transaction.

4。 Changes in national governance, policies and economy and their impacts. If a country's finances are completely incapable or unable to repay on time, risks will occur. Another country poses a national risk.

Avoid loan risks, reduce the loss of credit funds, and improve the focus. In order to make this work lively and effective, in my humble opinion, three mechanisms should be strengthened.

First of all, strengthening the credit management mechanism is the premise to reduce the loan risk. Mainly to strengthen the four systems.

(1) Strengthen the loan approval system, and earnestly implement the "three powers" of investigation, approval and inspection of collective approval. In order to prevent mistakes, we should resolutely put an end to such abnormal phenomena as self-approval and self-loan, personal loan and administrative intervention loan.

(B) to strengthen loans, especially large loans, to deal with the whole cycle of enterprise capital operation, capital through all links to track.

First, ensure that enterprise funds can be earmarked to prevent misappropriation;

Second, the use of funds can be implemented, even if the funds are blocked in which link, it is easy to find out so as to take remedial measures in time to avoid and reduce the loss of funds;

(3) Strengthen the regular reporting and inspection system of enterprise capital operation.

First, enterprises are required to submit on time on a monthly basis. If the report is not submitted on time, or the data of the report is distorted or falsified, once it is found out, credit sanctions should be given;

Second, the credit department regularly checks and verifies the assets and funds of enterprises, at least twice a year, and makes it a system to check and implement, so as to prevent the loss of funds of enterprises.

(4) Strengthen the credit system of "two openness and one supervision". Regularly announce the loan policies, conditions, objects and results to the public.