Then, why is Japan's comprehensive trading company always full of vitality and growing? Why can we get rid of the predicament of deteriorating domestic business conditions and successfully move towards the road of international business? Why can it always occupy the core position and play an important role in Japan's foreign trade?
This paper attempts to investigate and analyze the stability, orderliness and adaptability of the comprehensive trading company as an organic whole from the aspects of organizational structure, management system, talent mechanism and management characteristics, so as to explore the reasons why the comprehensive trading company can survive and develop in the ever-changing external environment. This successful experience is undoubtedly of great significance for deepening the reform of foreign trade system and building a new foreign trade enterprise in China.
Why so tight, so loose, so alive?
-Comprehensive trading companies and enterprise groups: structural stability and quasi-market opening.
General trading companies in Japan usually refer to Mitsui Corporation, Mitsubishi Corporation, Itochu Corporation, Marubeni Corporation, Sumitomo Corporation, Nippon Cotton, Dongmian Corporation, Kanmatsu Corporation and Nissho Iwai Corporation, all of which belong to the corresponding monopoly enterprise groups and are the core members of Mitsui Corporation, Mitsubishi Corporation, dai-ichi kangyo bank, Furong Corporation, Sumitomo Corporation, Sanhe Corporation and Sixth Corporation. They are integrated with banks and key enterprises in the same department, which strengthens the stability of enterprise groups in the mutual shareholding relationship. At the same time, due to the needs of business purposes, they often cross-combine and implement multi-level comprehensive management, forming a unique organizational structure that combines stability and openness, ensuring the consolidation of the position of trading companies and the smooth realization of business objectives.
First, mutual shareholding, equity portfolio Historically, Japan's comprehensive trading companies came into being in two different backgrounds, one was evolved from private enterprises before the Meiji Restoration, and the other was produced in the process of government support for chaebol after the Meiji Restoration. After World War II, the American occupation authorities adopted a policy of severely cracking down on the chaebol and decentralized ownership. As a result, the control of the chaebol family on enterprises was cancelled, and many chaebol legal persons, joint-stock companies and commercial companies (that is, trading companies) were forced to dissolve or decompose into many small companies. Since 1947, the United States has actively assisted Japan's economic recovery in order to safeguard its interests in the Asia-Pacific region due to changes in the international situation. In the early 1950s, a large number of enterprises began to seek horizontal alliances among enterprises from a new perspective, and began to reorganize among enterprises through the bank-led combination model. Under this background, there is a close relationship between the reorganized Japanese comprehensive trading company and the enterprise group.
Banks play a decisive role in enterprise groups. Banks hold shares in all enterprises in their own departments, send and exchange senior staff to enterprises, and issue loans on this basis, often becoming the largest shareholders of comprehensive trading companies. For example, among the shareholders of Mitsubishi Corporation, Mitsubishi Bank ranks first, holding 7.8 1%. The comprehensive trading company also owns a large number of shares in national financial institutions. For example, Mitsubishi Corporation holds about 25% of the shares of Mitsubishi Bank. This close equity integration relationship provides a prerequisite for the financial services of trading companies. In addition, the relationship between trading companies and enterprises mainly depends on the mutual participation and combination of equity. For example, Marubeni holds 34% of the shares of listed companies. Many trading companies are further involved in production enterprises through equity participation, and these enterprises have also become the basis for ensuring the activities of trading companies.
The cooperation between trading companies and enterprises is also manifested in business cooperation. The trading company organizes the member enterprises of the group to jointly invest, share the benefits and share the risks. Trading companies provide comprehensive information services for enterprises by using information networks all over the world and modern information processing and transmission equipment. At the same time, it organizes investment, investment promotion, fund-raising and financing, assists in operation and management, organizes equipment procurement and transportation, and promotes products and opens up markets through sales networks. This kind of supporting service enables enterprises and trading companies to form the same interests.
Comprehensive trading companies form a trinity through equity portfolio, financial cooperation and bank-enterprise cooperation, and perform the functions of trade middleman, quasi-banker, information service, organization and coordination, international investment and so on. , established the core position of trading companies in enterprise groups.
Second, cross-linking. Free combination trading companies have a very close relationship with the same enterprise group, but this close relationship has not been fixed through mutual shareholding, mutual lending, and the dispatch and exchange of senior staff.
The huge assets of trading companies are maintained by borrowing, and their own capital is less than 10%. In the process of borrowing, considering their own interests, trading companies not only rely on the same family financial institutions, but also widely rely on other series of financial institutions and government financial institutions, and the dependence on loans from the same family financial groups is not very high. Sumitomo's commercial dependence is high, accounting for 26%, while Mitsui's is only 16%. Among the ex ante 10 shareholders of Mitsubishi Corporation, besides Mitsubishi Bank, dai-ichi kangyo bank, Sanhe Bank and Bank of Tokyo also hold quite a few shares.
In overseas investment, due to business needs, commercial companies often break the boundaries of their own departments and cross-combine and operate comprehensively because of the financial relationship of technology. Enterprises are not bound by series and can be freely combined, which is more favorable. In the process of crossing, the trading company's business activities have shortened the time, crossed the geographical boundaries, integrated the advantages of various factions, and formed an open organizational structure similar to the market, which inevitably requires the trading company to adopt a management model combining highly centralized and disguised flexible rights to bear the transfer risks in time and ensure the smooth operation of its operating mechanism.
Why is it also the combination of literature and martial arts, things and enterprises, and comfortable?
-Management of trading companies: an orderly intermediary in a virtuous circle
According to Kiyoshi Kojima, a Japanese scholar, the essence of the operation of Japan's comprehensive trading company is "a market cooperation system that acts as an intermediary at a certain time and place", that is, as an open complex, the comprehensive trading company can always closely link the supply and demand relationship in social and economic activities with its multi-functional comprehensive and orderly operation and centralized and flexible behavior. As a special form of enterprise organization, trading company has the functions of information collection and processing, regular production and market development, which can make it operate in chain. At the same time, the intermediary force is used to ensure the advantages of the joint whole, improve the ability to bear and absorb risks, overcome the shortcomings of the system itself, form economies of scale, and achieve a virtuous circle.
I. Vertical Integration The mode and form of operation of modern trading companies have gradually developed from a single type of commercial enterprise to a diversified comprehensive enterprise. Trading companies provide information and funds for the investment activities of small and medium-sized enterprises, undertake activities such as risk diversification, sales and after-sales service, and control and guide them from a macro perspective. This vertical integration %B
"Legal person" is a Japanese joint-stock company.
Japanese enterprises are called "joint-stock companies", which means that enterprises are like a big family. In order to avoid confrontation within the family, everyone has the responsibility to maintain harmony and unity within the family.
Many Japanese scholars have written books such as Harmonious Management Revolution and Harmonious Management Philosophy. "Harmony" means harmony, and "combination" means closeness, that is to say, the interior of a factory and an enterprise should be condensed together and everyone should be closely linked into a whole. The whole company is like a machine, and everyone is a screw. Without any one, the machine will break down. When making major decisions, we should go through multi-level research and discussion by all members, and then concentrate on avoiding confrontation from top to bottom and consuming our own strength.
Corporation is a common word in Japanese. Japanese pen name writing: かぶしきがぃしゃ Actually, to put it bluntly, they are two independent words: corporation and company.
Company (かぶしき) refers to shares, equity and stocks.
Clubs (がぃしゃ) refer to companies, limited companies and businesses.
In fact, a joint-stock company is what we often call a joint-stock company. Big Japanese companies are basically the same as our country, and they are divided into:
1. Joint stock company (かぶしきがぃしゃ) Limited by Share Ltd.
2. Joint venture company (ごぅしかぃしゃ)
3. Joint stock company (all investors are shareholders with unlimited liability).
Corporation is a common word in Japanese. Japanese pen name writing: かぶしきがぃしゃ Actually, to put it bluntly, they are two independent words: corporation and company.
Company (かぶしき) refers to shares, equity and stocks.
Clubs (がぃしゃ) refer to companies, limited companies and businesses.
A joint-stock company is actually what we often say.
Japan's big companies are basically the same as our country, which are divided into:
1. Joint stock company (かぶしきがぃしゃ) Limited by Share Ltd.
2. Joint venture company (ごぅしかぃしゃ)
3. Joint stock company (all investors are shareholders with unlimited liability).
4. Business associations (しょぅじかぃしゃ) trading companies and firms.
5. Limited company (ゆぅげんかぃしゃ) Limited.
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