1. Single banking system
Single banking system refers to a form of banking organization in which all businesses are carried out by relatively independent commercial banks without setting up branches. This system is mainly concentrated in the United States.
superiority
First of all, it can limit the merger and monopoly of the banking industry, which is conducive to free competition; Secondly, it is conducive to coordinating the relationship between banks and local governments and making banks better serve regional economic development; In addition, because the single banking system is full of independence and autonomy, with few internal levels, its business operation is more flexible and easy to manage.
disadvantaged
First of all, a single bank has a small scale and high operating costs, making it difficult to achieve economies of scale; Secondly, there is a contradiction between the single banking system and the outward development of the economy, which artificially causes the circuitous flow of capital and weakens the competitiveness of banks; Thirdly, the business of a single bank is relatively concentrated and risky. With the popularization and application of electronic computers, the disadvantages of a single system restricting the development of banking business and financial innovation are becoming more and more obvious.
2. Branch banking system
Branch system is also called general branch system. Commercial banks that implement this system can generally set up branches outside the head office, and all the business of the branches should be handled in accordance with the instructions of the head office. According to the different management methods, the branch system can be further divided into the head office system and the comprehensive management office system. The head office system means that the head office is open to the outside world in addition to leading and managing branches; Under the general management office system, the head office is only responsible for the management and control of branches, but it is not open to the outside world, and another branch or business department is set up in the location of the head office to carry out business activities.
superiority
Commercial banks that implement this system are large in scale and have many branches, which is convenient for banks to expand their business scope and reduce their operational risks; Specialized division of labor can be implemented between the head office and branches, which greatly improves the efficiency of banks and facilitates the transfer of funds between branches; It is easy to adopt advanced computer equipment, extensively develop financial services and realize economies of scale.
disadvantaged
It is easy to accelerate the formation of monopoly, and the banks implementing this system are large in scale and have many internal levels, which increases the difficulty of bank management. But generally speaking, the branch system can better meet the needs of modern economic development, so it has been widely recognized by banks in various countries and has become the main organizational form of contemporary commercial banks.
3. Group banking system
Group bank, also known as holding company bank, refers to a holding company established by a few large enterprises or consortia, and then controlled or acquired by the holding company. Bank holding companies are divided into two types:
1. Non-bank holding company, which is established through the enterprise group controlling the major shares of a bank. This kind of holding company can hold shares of a number of non-bank enterprises while holding shares of a bank.
2. Banking holding company means that a large bank directly controls a holding company and holds shares of several small banks.
Chain banking system
The chain banking system is also called the joint banking system. Refers to a system in which a group or an individual buys a majority stake in several independent banks, thereby controlling these banks. Under this system, banks are independent in legal status, but they are also controlled by a certain group or individual in essence.