1. What are the main contents of credit risk?

credit risk is the main risk of China's commercial banks. At present, the credit risk management level of China's commercial banks is low, the traditional credit risk management lacks the concept of initiative, and the credit risk management is not systematic, which leads to the poor quality of credit assets of China's commercial banks. Next, please enjoy the online collection I have compiled for you.

the formation of credit risk is a gradual process from germination, accumulation to occurrence. Before the repayment period expires, major adverse changes in the borrower's financial and commercial conditions are likely to affect its performance ability. In addition to agreeing on general default clauses and setting guarantees, the lender can also agree on "cross-default clauses" in the contract to ensure that the creditor's rights are repaid on time. The basic meaning of cross-default is that if the debtor under this contract defaults under other loan contracts, it is also regarded as a breach of this contract. Generally speaking, creditors hold the debtor liable for breach of contract on the grounds that the parties fail to perform their obligations under this contract. However, the cross-breach clause breaks through this restriction, which smacks of "strike first, then suffer", that is, trying to take relief measures before the repayment crisis of the borrower's debts under other loan contracts, so as to avoid being in a worse situation than other creditors. Although this form of breach of contract is not clearly defined in the current law of China, it does not violate the relevant jurisprudence and legal spirit of the Contract Law, and the right of uneasy defense in the current Contract Law can be used as the legal basis for its application. Therefore, the cross-default clause can be written into the contract as an agreed clause, so that the lender can fully control the borrower's credit level in time.

problems existing in credit risk

in a broad sense, credit management of commercial banks includes: formulating and implementing credit policies, establishing and improving internal authorization credit system, formulating, implementing and executing credit operation procedures, establishing credit risk monitoring and control mechanism and many other coordinated and restrictive institutional systems and their supervision systems for the implementation effect of the systems. In a narrow sense, the credit management of commercial banks only refers to the investigation before the loan is issued, the management during the loan's existence and the supervision, control and treatment after the loan risks appear. This paper adopts the concept of credit management of commercial banks in a narrow sense, and tries to put forward the basic ideas and practical countermeasures to solve this problem on the basis of analyzing the existing problems in credit management of commercial banks.

At present, the main problems existing in the credit management of commercial banks are as follows:

First, the basic management is weak and the credit files are seriously missing. Mainly manifested in the financial information of borrowers and guarantors, loan mortgage vouchers, post-loan inspection reports, collection notices and other information missing. Credit file is a record of the whole process of issuing, managing and recovering loans. Its omission, especially some incomplete legal files, not only makes it difficult to analyze the risk of loans, but also constitutes an obstacle to collecting loans according to law.

second, the loan separation system has not been strictly implemented. The main manifestations are as follows: (1) the establishment of the separation institution for examination and loan is slow; The separation of loan examination and approval institutions is a mere formality. For example, loan personnel often fill in legal files and loan vouchers such as loan contracts and IOUs before loan approval, and the contract signing date and loan IOUs date are earlier than the loan approval date, and the loan amount and term are different from the approved amount and term.

third, the loan "three checks" system is not implemented. The main manifestations are as follows: first, the pre-loan investigation is a mere formality; Second, the review and submission of loans is not strict; Third, the post-loan inspection tracks the lender's loan usage superficially, ignoring the tracking investigation of the borrower's post-loan credit status, changes in collateral and pledge, and changes in the guarantor's operation and contingent liabilities.

fourth, the loan handlers have weak legal knowledge and awareness, and the loans lose legal protection. There are mainly the following problems: (1) the guarantor's subject qualification does not meet the requirements stipulated by law; ⑵ Some commercial banks have not carefully examined the legality and effectiveness of collateral and pledge; (3) If the mortgage registration must be handled according to the provisions of the Guarantee Law, the mortgage registration is not handled according to the law, resulting in invalid mortgage behavior; (4) Changing the main terms of the main contract, extending the performance period of the main debt or increasing the debt amount of the main debtor, without the written consent of the guarantor, resulting in the invalidity or partial invalidity of the guarantee contract; 5. We can't make full use of the provisions of the law on the interruption or suspension of the limitation of action to safeguard the bank's right to collect loans according to law.

5. The internal supervision mechanism is not perfect, there are loopholes in the credit management system, and the management of managers is neglected. The main manifestations are as follows: (1) Some grassroots governors have too much power, and the supervision and restraint mechanism has not really played a role, resulting in some grassroots governors arbitrarily approving loans, investing indiscriminately, and guaranteeing indiscriminately; (2) The loan responsibility can't be implemented, which eventually leads to no one being responsible and going away; (3) The unscientific assessment method of the president's business objectives encourages the short-term behavior of the president's business. In order to complete the target task, he has to take illegal measures.

VI. Illegal off-balance-sheet business is serious. Illegal off-balance-sheet operation is an important issue in credit management of commercial banks. Its illegal operation mainly takes the form of setting up private accounts, misusing subjects, adjusting account tables and bypassing scale loans, and mainly invests in real estate companies or other high-risk income fields. Because the off-balance-sheet business is carried out under hidden circumstances, these assets are not under effective supervision, and even participate in illegal and criminal activities, so these credit assets are at great risk. The main reasons for illegal off-balance-sheet operations include: (1) the imperfect rules and regulations in previous years, the excessive power delegated to grass-roots banks, the overheated local economic development, and the prominent contradiction between capital demand and scale control, which led to serious deviations in the business behavior of some grass-roots banks and the gradual expansion of illegal operations; (2) The leaders of individual banks are driven by the interests of individuals or small groups, ignoring the national financial laws and regulations, ignoring the state's repeated orders and applications, and they are lucky enough to hide them, resulting in more and more loopholes; ⑶ Some banks have chaotic management, lax internal control and ineffective supervision mechanism.

fundamentally speaking, the root cause of the above problems is that the credit management mechanism is not perfect. A sound credit management mechanism includes three aspects: system, institution and incentive and restraint system. The credit management system mainly includes the provisions on authorized credit granting, credit work procedures, and the contents and objectives of each procedure of credit work. Credit management institutions mainly solve the division of power in credit work, ensure that the power in credit work is restricted by other departments from the perspective of institutions, distinguish the responsibilities of credit work departments, and ensure that every power in credit work is subject to corresponding supervision and restriction. The incentive and restraint system is committed to giving full play to the subjective initiative of each credit worker. At the same time, by clarifying the division of responsibilities of credit workers, the discipline of credit workers is strengthened to ensure the overall quality of credit workers.

main characteristics of credit risk

-objectivity

As long as there is credit activity, credit risk does not exist objectively regardless of people's will. To be exact, risk-free credit activity does not exist in real banking work.

second concealment

the uncertainty loss of credit itself is likely to be covered up by its appearance because of its credit characteristics.

three diffusibility.

The loss of bank funds caused by credit risk not only affects the survival and development of the bank itself, but also causes a chain reaction.

four controllability

means that banks can identify and predict risks in advance, prevent them in the event and resolve them afterwards according to certain methods and systems.

second, what risks does bad credit belong to banks?

The non-performing loans of banks are not only financial risks, but also operational risks and systemic risks, which are related to the survival and development of banks.

1. Non-performing loans

Non-performing loans are abnormal loans, and the loan risks are mainly divided into normal, concerned, secondary, suspicious and loss. Except for normal loans, other loans can't be repaid on time or can't be repaid. This situation is called non-performing loans.

2. classification of non-performing loans

(1) overdue loans: overdue loans are the types that can't pay off the loan within the specified loan period, but can finally pay off the loan after delaying the loan time. This situation is not a great loss to the bank, but it is good for the borrower not only to repay the principal and loan, but also to repay the penalty interest.

(2) overdue loans

overdue loans refer to loans that cannot be repaid after the repayment period is more than 2 years (including 2 years), or loans that have not yet expired but the production and operation have stopped. It does not include bad loans.

(3) Bad loan

Bad loan refers to the loan that the lender and guarantor declared bankruptcy and failed to pay off after paying off; Loans that the lender declares missing or dead and has not paid off after the liquidation of the future estate or inheritance; Loans that the lender is unable to repay after encountering major disasters and accidents; Loans approved for write-off by the the State Council Project when the value obtained from clearing the mortgage and pledge of the lender is insufficient to pay off the loan.

3. Harm of Non-performing Loans

First of all, non-performing loans are a great harm to banks, especially bad loans. When there are too many non-performing loans in banks, it will greatly affect the operation of banks. For the society, non-performing loans also have a negative impact, resulting in a series of adverse reactions. For borrowers, non-performing loans will greatly damage personal reputation and property losses, and the late fees generated by non-performing loans are substantial losses.

Now banks will implement strict risk control procedures for loan approval, so as to reduce the incidence of non-performing loans from the source. It's better to nip in the bud than to mend it.

III. Introduction and main contents of credit risk

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IV. What is the job of the bank credit risk manager?

(1) responsible for reporting all kinds of reports; (2) undertake the division; (3) Review the credit control; (5) Enterprise credit information system; （； (7) Do a good job in reviewing the credit items (including five-level classification, rating and credit granting, etc.) declared by the branch office or the front desk department, and do a good job in registering the materials that may be required within the authority of the corresponding level; (9) the opinions of the loan review committee and the decision-makers after decision-making, and timely forward the approved loan information to the reporting agency; (1) Responsible for departmental document processing; (11) Responsible for reporting the collection progress of non-performing loans of the sub-branch; (12) Assist each branch office to implement the living plan for clearing and closing non-performing loans, and do a good job in the management, assessment, reward and punishment of non-performing loans; (13) Do a good job in the implementation of the liquidation plan of debt-paying assets, and guide the branches to do a good job in the management of debt-paying assets; (14) Review and confirmation of the loan and the responsibility audit of the responsible person; (15) Establish a monitoring ledger of non-performing loans and debt-paying assets, and conduct regular analysis; (16) to guide the five-level classification work of the branch office, make suggestions on the classification work, and establish a five-level classification account of the branch office quarterly for the adjustment of the level, so as to provide decision-making for the branch office; (17) to guide the agencies to complete the statistics and summary of risk classification of daily loan assets of non-credit assets.