(1) is required. It is a mandatory management measure taken by the management subject by virtue of its strong position. The forms of coercion are war, political power, violence, robbery and so on. Wars usually occur between countries, and political power mainly occurs in domestic management, with mandatory administrative orders in units, violent triads in informal organizations and looting in individuals.
(2) exchange. Refers to a transaction between one party and the other party in exchange for interests on the basis of equality of will. Voluntary and equal exchange can bring benefits to both sides, effectively promote the rational distribution of social interests and effectively regulate social relations.
(3) punishment. Refers to the punishment for violations that the organization considers. It is the most effective means to restrain bad behavior (or illegal behavior). Including material and non-material; Include coercive, legal, administrative and economic means. Punishment needs a certain amount. Below this amount, the efficiency of punishment will be low, and even the due effect will not be achieved.
(4) motivation. It refers to measures such as affirmation or reward for management behavior. Through motivation, people's potential ability can be stimulated. It can generally be used to advocate and encourage some behaviors. There is also a certain amount of incentive. If it does not reach a certain amount, its incentive efficiency will be greatly reduced, and even the due effect will not be achieved.
(5) communication and persuasion. Communication refers to the process of transmitting or exchanging understandable information between two or more people; Persuasion mainly refers to changing the concept or attitude of the managed person or the target person to things and people through communication, thus changing the behavior of others.
Extended data:
Experience-based cost management method
This is the most basic and lowest cost control method, but it is widely used and has a very good effect under certain conditions. The cost management of most enterprises starts from this, and the lowest part of every other cost control method is actually composed of this.
It is a process that managers control the management objects with the help of past experience in order to pursue higher quality and efficiency and avoid or reduce waste.
Experience-based cost management sometimes doesn't work, usually for two reasons:
First, experience has a serious personal color. When the ever-changing environmental problems are beyond the scope of experience, experience may lose its effectiveness.
Second, experience is often "practice", not the result of systematic thinking.
Cost control method based on historical data
The vast majority of enterprises have consciously or unconsciously, fully or partially adopted this cost control method. Its basic principle is to take the average value or the lowest value (managers usually require the lowest value) as the highest cost control standard in the current stage or the next stage according to the costs that have occurred in history.
One assumption of this method is that prices usually keep falling while remaining relatively stable. Therefore, a disadvantage of using this method is that when the price rises periodically and the enterprise's mechanism is not flexible enough or slow to respond, overemphasizing the historical lowest price may miss the best trading opportunity or cause the quality of the purchased goods to decline or the quantity is in short supply.
Target cost control method based on budget
Among domestic enterprises, enterprises that adopt strict budget management are rare. Although some business managers know the benefits of budget management from various channels, at the end of each year, they always ask the finance department, or the sales department, or the "general manager's office" department to formulate the budget for the coming year.
However, because everyone knows little about how to make a budget, enterprises usually don't accumulate all kinds of data and the corresponding organizational environment needed for making a budget, and the time is very tight (usually they ask relevant personnel to finish it within 1-7 days), and so on, the budget they make is actually just a spending plan for the coming year after guessing the leaders' intentions.
Moreover, people who make this plan usually know that this expenditure plan is just for show to meet the boss's current requirements. In most enterprises, few people think that the budget will be useful, not in theory, but in their enterprises.
Target cost control method based on benchmarking management
The so-called benchmark is an example, that is, others do better than themselves in some aspects, so we should take others as an example to do it, even better than others, or say that others have achieved that effect, so I also ask myself to achieve or even exceed that effect.
The "others" here has three meanings:
First, it can be other enterprises. When an enterprise has achieved a certain degree of Excellence in a certain aspect, there are usually a number of enterprises to follow suit.
There are three main learning methods:
First, through certain media (TV, newspapers, periodicals, books, internet, management consultants), I know that an enterprise is doing better than myself in one aspect or several aspects, so I am determined to learn.
Second, I visited and studied in that enterprise or was introduced face to face by the personnel of that enterprise, so I decided to study.
Third, people who have worked in that enterprise bring the experience of that enterprise and promote it in this enterprise.
Second, take the past performance of your own enterprise as the standard and control as the future goal. This is basically consistent with the target cost control method based on historical data.
Thirdly, we should aim at a record created by a certain department or individual of this enterprise and strive to let other departments or individuals surpass it.
References:
Baidu Encyclopedia-Management Means