I. Types and Procedures of Long-term Loans Long-term loans refer to bonds borrowed from banks or other financial institutions with repayment period exceeding one year. Long-term loans can be divided into infrastructure loans, production and operation loans, technical transformation loans and so on. According to the purpose of borrowing; According to whether there is mortgage guarantee, it can be divided into mortgage loan and unsecured loan; According to the repayment method, it can be divided into regular repayment and installment repayment. In order to reduce the loan risk, banks and other financial institutions put forward the necessary conditions for borrowing enterprises. These conditions include: the borrowing enterprise should have legal person qualification; On the macro level, the business direction and business scope of the borrowing enterprise should conform to the national policy, and on the micro level, the purpose of borrowing should be within the scope stipulated in the bank loan measures, and the feasibility report of the borrowing project should be provided; The borrowing enterprise has certain material and property guarantee, and if it is guaranteed by a third party, the guarantee unit should have corresponding economic strength; The borrowing enterprise should have sufficient net cash inflow to pay the current principal and interest of each business cycle; Borrowing enterprises should open accounts and settle accounts in relevant financial departments. Procedures for enterprises to apply for loans: enterprises apply for loans based on the feasibility report on the use of funds; Examination and approval of banks or other financial institutions; Sign a loan contract; Issuing loans and supervising the use of loans; Repay the loan principal and interest on schedule. II. Accounting for Long-term Loans Long-term loans in basic account are accounted for by the subject of "Long-term loans". The principal amount and interest amount of the long-term loan borrowed by the lender of this course; Debit registration should repay the principal and interest; The balance is in the lender, reflecting the long-term loan principal and interest that the enterprise has not yet repaid. If the difference between the interest expense of long-term loans and the foreign currency translation of foreign currency loans is related to the reconstruction of fixed assets, it shall be included in the value of fixed assets before they are delivered, and shall be included in the current profits and losses after they are delivered. Long-term loan subjects should be set according to the borrower's name or personal name, and detailed accounting should be carried out according to the loan type. Three. Borrowing expenses and capitalized borrowing expenses refer to the relevant expenses incurred by enterprises for borrowing funds, including interest incurred by borrowing funds and exchange gains and losses related to foreign currencies. It should be noted that the borrowing costs do not include auxiliary expenses such as handling fees and commissions incurred by borrowing. The handling method of borrowing costs is as follows: 1) Borrowing costs are capitalized and included in the asset value. According to China's regulations, the borrowing costs related to fixed assets before the delivery of assets are included in the value of acquired assets. 2) The borrowing costs are included in the current profits and losses. According to China's accounting standards for business enterprises, the borrowing costs of current liabilities of enterprises, the borrowing costs related to the acquisition of fixed assets but incurred after the delivery of fixed assets, and the long-term borrowing costs not used for fixed assets are included in the current profits and losses. Borrowing expenses unrelated to the purchase of fixed assets during the preparation period are included in the start-up expenses. Iv. accounting treatment of long-term loan accounting 1, general accounting treatment of long-term loan 1) When obtaining long-term loan, debit it according to the actual amount obtained: bank deposit loan: long-term loan; 2) transfer the loan to fixed assets purchase and construction expenditure: projects under construction loan and other subjects: bank deposit 3) calculate the interest that should be capitalized, Debit according to the amount of interest incurred: loans for projects under construction and other subjects: long-term loans; 4) After the fixed assets are delivered and used, the interest that should be included in the current profit and loss should be accounted for: financial expenses loans: long-term loans; 5) repayment of principal and interest, included in the total amount of principal and interest: long-term loans: bank deposits 2. Accounting treatment of long-term loans with regular repayment: Long-term loans with regular repayment refer to loans with one-time repayment of principal and interest at maturity. During the use of the loan, the interest shall be calculated according to the accounting period, generally in months. [Example 1]: A factory borrowed 2 million yuan from China Construction Bank, with a term of four years and an annual interest rate of 6%, with interest paid once a month. The project was completed and put into use in the second year. The loan is paid off in one lump sum in the fourth year. The accounting treatment is: 1) Obtaining loan [FS:PAGE] Loan: Bank deposit 2,000,000 Loan: Long-term loan-China Construction Bank 2,000,000 2) In the first two years, since the interest occurred before the completion of the project, the interest expense should be capitalized. Included in the subject of construction in progress: construction in progress-warehouse 10 000 loan: long-term loan-China Construction Bank 10 000 3). After completion and delivery, the interest expense is included in the current profit and loss. Borrowing through financial expense account: financial expense-interest expense10,000 loan: long-term loan-China Construction Bank/kloc-0,000 4) In the fourth year, when the principal and interest are repaid: long-term loan-China Construction Bank 2,480,000 loan: bank deposit 2,480,000 3. Accounting treatment of long-term loan by installment refers to long-term acquisition and use for a period of time. [Example 2]:1,50% of the total principal shall be repaid at the end of the third year and the end of the fourth year. The accounting treatment of loan acquisition and interest accrual for the first three years is the same as the example 1. By the end of the third year, the principal and interest were 2.36 million yuan. In the fourth year, interest is still accrued 1 million yuan, and the total principal and interest is 2.42 million yuan. The accounting results of debt service at the end of the third year are as follows: Borrowing: long-term loan-CCB1360,000 loan: bank deposit1360,000. The accounting results of monthly interest calculation in the fourth year are as follows: loan: financial expenses-interest expenses 5000 loan: long-term loan-CCB 5000. The accounting treatment of paying off the principal and interest at the end of the fourth year is the same as that of the third year. 5. Long-term foreign currency loans. Accounting treatment for this long-term loan, five points should be paid attention to in accounting treatment: ① When an enterprise borrows foreign currency, it should set up a foreign currency loan ledger for accounting. If borrowing dollars, the accounting subjects are: long-term loans-dollar loans; ② The foreign exchange bookkeeping exchange rate must be converted into the bookkeeping base currency for accounting; ③ Foreign currency and converted functional currency are recorded in the long-term loan account in a dual way, that is, when the amount of functional currency is entered, the amount of foreign currency should also be displayed in brackets; (4) When repaying the principal and interest, it is converted into the functional currency according to the book exchange rate; The book exchange rate of long-term loans is called the difference between the bookkeeping exchange rates at exchange gains and losses. Accounts related to exchange gains and losses include financial expenses, construction in progress, etc. , and should log in to the account according to the specific situation. Example 3 1998 65438+ 10 1 Borrowed a long-term loan of US$ 200,000 from China Bank to purchase foreign machinery and equipment. The loan term is 3 years, the annual interest rate is 3 .6%, and the principal will be repaid once a year at the end of the third year. Machines and equipment are completed and delivered at the end of the first year. When borrowing money, the bookkeeping exchange rate is 8.90 yuan (calculated by simple interest method) 1). Borrowing: bank deposit-USD deposit (USD 200,000) 1 780,000 loan: long-term loan-USD loan (USD 200,000) 1 780,000 2. Calculation of monthly interest in the first year: Borrow: 5340 loan for construction in progress: long-term loan-US dollar loan (US$ 600) 5340 When the loan interest is paid at the end of the first year (1 99965438+1October1), the book exchange rate is 8.80 yuan: Borrow: long-term loan-US dollar loan. 8.90) 63,360 Construction in progress 720 (Note: the difference between the bookkeeping exchange rate and the book exchange rate occurs before the equipment is completed, so the exchange gains and losses are recorded in the construction in progress) Monthly accrued interest in the second year (the bookkeeping exchange rate is still 8.90 yuan) Borrow: financial expenses 5,340 loans: long-term loans-US dollar loans (600 dollars? 8.90 yuan) 5 At the end of the second [FS:PAGE] year, 340 yuan (65438+ 10/0/in 2000), the book exchange rate at that time was 9.00 yuan: long-term loan-USD loan (7,200 USD? 8.90) 64 080 Finance expenses 720 Loan: Bank deposit-USD deposit (USD 7 200? 8.90) 64 800 3) At the end of the third year, the accounting treatment of debt service: let the book exchange rate at that time be 8.90 yuan: long-term loan-US dollar loan (US$ 207,200? 8.90) 1844080 loan: bank deposit-USD deposit (USD 207,200? 8.90) 1844 080 I. Types and procedures of long-term loans Long-term loans are bonds borrowed from banks or other financial institutions with a repayment period of more than one year. Long-term loans can be divided into infrastructure loans, production and operation loans, technical transformation loans and so on. According to the purpose of borrowing; According to whether there is mortgage guarantee, it can be divided into mortgage loan and unsecured loan; According to the repayment method, it can be divided into regular repayment and installment repayment. In order to reduce the loan risk, banks and other financial institutions put forward the necessary conditions for borrowing enterprises. These conditions include: the borrowing enterprise should have legal person qualification; On the macro level, the business direction and business scope of the borrowing enterprise should conform to the national policy, and on the micro level, the purpose of borrowing should be within the scope stipulated in the bank loan measures, and the feasibility report of the borrowing project should be provided; The borrowing enterprise has certain material and property guarantee, and if it is guaranteed by a third party, the guarantee unit should have corresponding economic strength; The borrowing enterprise should have sufficient net cash inflow to pay the current principal and interest of each business cycle; Borrowing enterprises should open accounts and settle accounts in relevant financial departments. Procedures for enterprises to apply for loans: enterprises apply for loans based on the feasibility report on the use of funds; Examination and approval of banks or other financial institutions; Sign a loan contract; Issuing loans and supervising the use of loans; Repay the loan principal and interest on schedule. II. Accounting for Long-term Loans Long-term loans in basic account are accounted for by the subject of "Long-term loans". The principal amount and interest amount of the long-term loan borrowed by the lender of this course; Debit registration should repay the principal and interest; The balance is in the lender, reflecting the long-term loan principal and interest that the enterprise has not yet repaid. If the difference between the interest expense of long-term loans and the foreign currency translation of foreign currency loans is related to the reconstruction of fixed assets, it shall be included in the value of fixed assets before they are delivered, and shall be included in the current profits and losses after they are delivered. Long-term loan subjects should be set according to the borrower's name or personal name, and detailed accounting should be carried out according to the loan type. Three. Borrowing expenses and capitalized borrowing expenses refer to the relevant expenses incurred by enterprises for borrowing funds, including interest incurred by borrowing funds and exchange gains and losses related to foreign currencies. It should be noted that the borrowing costs do not include auxiliary expenses such as handling fees and commissions incurred by borrowing. The handling method of borrowing costs is as follows: 1) Borrowing costs are capitalized and included in the asset value. According to China's regulations, the borrowing costs related to fixed assets before the delivery of assets are included in the value of acquired assets. 2) The borrowing costs are included in the current profits and losses. According to China's accounting standards for business enterprises, the borrowing costs of current liabilities of enterprises, the borrowing costs related to the acquisition of fixed assets but incurred after the delivery of fixed assets, and the long-term borrowing costs not used for fixed assets are included in the current profits and losses. Borrowing expenses unrelated to the purchase of fixed assets during the preparation period are included in the start-up expenses. Iv. accounting treatment of long-term loan accounting 1, general accounting treatment of long-term loan 1) When obtaining long-term loan, debit it according to the actual amount obtained: bank deposit loan: long-term loan; 2) transfer the loan to fixed assets purchase and construction expenditure: projects under construction loan and other subjects: bank deposit 3) calculate the interest that should be capitalized, Debit according to the amount of interest incurred: loans for projects under construction, long-term loans, etc. 4) After the fixed assets are delivered and used, the interest that should be included in the current profit and loss should be accounted for: financial expense loans, long-term loans, 5) principal and interest repayment, and recorded in the account with the total amount of principal and interest [FS:PAGE] Debit: long-term loan loans, bank deposits, 2. The accounting treatment of long-term loans that are returned regularly refers to loans that repay the principal and interest at one time. During the use of the loan, the interest shall be calculated according to the accounting period, generally in months. [Example 1]: A factory borrowed 2 million yuan from China Construction Bank, with a term of four years and an annual interest rate of 6%, with interest paid once a month. The project was completed and put into use in the second year. The loan is paid off in one lump sum in the fourth year. Accounting treatment: 65,438+0) Obtained loan: 2,000,000 in bank deposit: long-term loan-2,000,000 in China Construction Bank) In the first two years, since the interest occurred before the completion of the project, the interest expense should be capitalized. Included in the subject of construction in progress: construction in progress-warehouse 10 000 loan: long-term loan-China Construction Bank 10 000 3). After completion and delivery, the interest expense is included in the current profit and loss. Borrowing through financial expense account: financial expense-interest expense10,000 loan: long-term loan-China Construction Bank/kloc-0,000 4) In the fourth year, when the principal and interest are repaid: long-term loan-China Construction Bank 2,480,000 loan: bank deposit 2,480,000 3. Accounting treatment of long-term loan by installment refers to long-term acquisition and use for a period of time. [Example 2]:1,50% of the total principal shall be repaid at the end of the third year and the end of the fourth year. The accounting treatment of loan acquisition and interest accrual for the first three years is the same as the example 1. By the end of the third year, the principal and interest were 2.36 million yuan. In the fourth year, interest is still accrued 1 million yuan, and the total principal and interest is 2.42 million yuan. The accounting results of debt service at the end of the third year are as follows: Borrowing: long-term loan-CCB1360,000 loan: bank deposit1360,000. The accounting results of monthly interest calculation in the fourth year are as follows: loan: financial expenses-interest expenses 5000 loan: long-term loan-CCB 5000. The accounting treatment of paying off the principal and interest at the end of the fourth year is the same as that of the third year. V. Accounting Treatment of Long-term Loans in Foreign Currency For this kind of long-term loans, five points should be paid attention to in accounting treatment: ① When an enterprise borrows foreign currency, it should set up a foreign currency loan ledger for accounting. If borrowing dollars, the accounting subjects are: long-term loans-dollar loans; ② The foreign exchange bookkeeping exchange rate must be converted into the bookkeeping base currency for accounting; ③ Foreign currency and converted functional currency are recorded in the long-term loan account in a dual way, that is, when the amount of functional currency is entered, the amount of foreign currency should also be displayed in brackets; (4) When repaying the principal and interest, it is converted into the functional currency according to the book exchange rate; The book exchange rate of long-term loans is called the difference between the bookkeeping exchange rates at exchange gains and losses. Accounts related to exchange gains and losses include financial expenses, construction in progress, etc. , and should log in to the account according to the specific situation. Example 3 1998 65438+ 10 1 Borrowed a long-term loan of US$ 200,000 from China Bank to purchase foreign machinery and equipment. The loan term is 3 years, the annual interest rate is 3 .6%, and the principal will be repaid once a year at the end of the third year. Machines and equipment are completed and delivered at the end of the first year. When borrowing money, the bookkeeping exchange rate is 8.90 yuan (calculated by simple interest method) 1). Borrowing: bank deposit-USD deposit (USD 200,000) 1 780,000 loan: long-term loan-USD loan (USD 200,000) 1 780,000 2. Calculation of monthly interest in the first year: Borrow: 5340 loan for construction in progress: long-term loan-US dollar loan (US$ 600) 5340 When the loan interest is paid at the end of the first year (1 99965438+1October1), the book exchange rate is 8.80 yuan: Borrow: long-term loan-US dollar loan. 8.90) 63,360 Construction in progress 720 (Note: the difference between the bookkeeping exchange rate and the book exchange rate occurs before the equipment is completed, so the exchange gains and losses are recorded in the construction in progress) Monthly accrued interest in the second year (the bookkeeping exchange rate is still 8.90 yuan) Borrow: financial expenses 5,340 loans: long-term loans-US dollar loans (600 dollars? 8.90 yuan) 5 340 When the loan interest was paid at the end of the second year (65438+ 10/in 2000), the book exchange rate at that time was 9.00 yuan: long-term loan-US dollar loan (7,200 US dollars? 8.90) 64 080 Finance expenses 720 Loan: Bank deposit-USD deposit (USD 7 200? 8.90) 64 800 3) At the end of the third year, the accounting treatment of debt service: let the book exchange rate at that time be 8.90 yuan: long-term loan-US dollar loan (US$ 207,200? 8.90) 1844080 loan: bank deposit-USD deposit (USD 207,200? 8.90) 1844 080 Other relevant contract model recommendations: loan contract for overseas contracted projects (compensation trade) of the People's Construction Bank of China;