The description of the zoo in the Standard for Basic Terms of Gardens (CJJ/T9 1-2002) states: "3. 1.4 Zoo refers to an independent zoo. The "animal corner" attached to the park does not belong to the zoo. Ordinary animal farms and animal activity places belonging to circuses do not belong to zoos. Zoos include city zoos and wildlife parks. "
According to the Classification Standard of Urban Green Space (CJJ/T 85— 2002), the number of the zoo is G 132, which belongs to the special park (G 1 3) in the park green space (G1). As of 2006, China Zoo Association has 2 12 member units. The earliest establishment in history was Beijing Zoo, and 2006 was the100th anniversary of its establishment. The development of China Zoo has also experienced nearly 100 years.
When was the zoo built?
The construction of China Zoo was a climax in 1950s, accounting for about 34% of the total number of zoos, and the number of zoos established in 1960s and 1970s also accounted for 24%. Together with zoos established before 1950s, these three parts account for 66%, and the ratio of old zoos is relatively high. In the 1990s, zoos accounted for 265,438+0%, most of which were wild zoos. The actual data should be slightly higher than the statistical data.
Number of zoos of various types
There are different types of zoos, which are traditionally divided into three categories: zoos, gardens and animal exhibition areas. There are also some animal breeding research institutions and other types, which are included in the "other" category, accounting for only a small proportion. The highest proportion of gardens in the park is 55%, and the zoo accounts for 29%. Most of the gardens in the park are located in some medium-sized or small cities, which have the widest radiation range to the public, so the gardens in the park play an important role in the development of the whole zoo.
System type
Zoo is a public welfare undertaking, which determines that most of this undertaking is built by the government, and other institutional forms also exist. Among them, wild zoos are basically enterprises or joint-stock systems, and many newly built or relocated city zoos have also been restructured into enterprises, and contracting is more common in gardens.
Number of visitors to the zoo
Regarding the number of visitors to the zoo, Figure 4 is the statistical result. What needs special explanation here is that the main reason for the decline in 2003 was "SARS". Although the number of tourists in 20001and 2002 decreased slightly, they were relatively close, and the decline in 2003 led to an increase in the number of "falling" tourists. The number of visitors to the zoo is relatively stable. In the future, if we provide better services for these tourists and increase the rate of returning, the number of tourists can continue to increase. The number of student tourists in China accounts for about 17% of the total in the whole year, and this number should probably increase. The core of wildlife management lies in wildlife management. The State Forestry Administration recognizes its legality by issuing a wildlife feeding license. The national first-class protected animal feeding license is issued by the State Forestry Administration, and the national second-class protected animal feeding license is issued by the Provincial Forestry Department. All wildlife parks have wildlife feeding licenses issued by forestry agencies at all levels.
Most safari parks are inextricably linked with the forestry department in terms of assets. For example, Daxing Wildlife Park was established on the basis of the former Endangered Animal Rescue Center of the Ministry of Forestry. Provincial forestry departments have set up wildlife rescue centers. However, because wildlife rescue needs a lot of money, these rescue centers have to think about new ways to solve the funding problem, so they consider establishing a wildlife park. In foreign countries, the rescue of these wild animals is generally done by zoos. However, because the forestry department believes that animal resources cannot flow out, a large number of rescue centers have been set up. Land is another big support that forestry department can provide to wildlife parks. According to the provisions of the national forest law, the construction of facilities related to forest protection by forestry departments on forest land is not considered as changing the use of forest land. Using this regulation, a large number of woodlands without land certificates can be used by operational wildlife parks. Because the national forestry department is the department in charge of wildlife, wildlife parks closely related to it are easy to get wild animals, while urban zoos are difficult to get wild animals. These wild animals are basically obtained by exchanging primitive animals with other zoos.
The huge conflict between the city zoo and the wild zoo lies in the worldwide differences in their operating concepts, in addition to the interest disputes caused by two different authorities. "Now is the era of market economy, who will rely on the state to wait for food and drink? We also engage in popular science education and carry out many scientific research activities. Animal breeding and breeding technology has reached the world advanced level. " The operators of safari parks believe that as enterprises, safari parks should realize their own profits, but enterprises can also do social welfare undertakings.
However, defenders of the city zoo believe that the zoo is a public welfare undertaking, and its normal development will be distorted for profit-making purposes. The zoo has four functions: ex situ wildlife protection, scientific research, popular science education and recreation. The ultimate goal of wildlife protection is to return wildlife to nature. As an enterprise, it is impossible to engage in research work, purely for the purpose of maximizing corporate profits, and the ticket price is too high, which makes it lose the nature of being open to the public. Whether its large-scale construction conforms to the national industrial construction policy and the national wildlife protection policy remains to be discussed. Since the establishment of zoos all over the country in 1950s, some zoos have been relocated because of their small scale. However, after 1990s, an upsurge of relocating zoos began to rise, the main purpose of which was to promote the development of tourism, not for the development of zoos.
Commercial development of moving zoo
According to the information provided by China Zoo Association, in 2004, under the policy of "making way for urban construction", at least 16 urban zoos were in the state of relocation, relocation and new site construction.
In the name of resource integration, the operation mode of changing the nature of zoos is widely imitated. Although the zoo is a public welfare cultural institution, it is in a multi-head leadership state under the traditional system. The superior is the territorial government first, then the park management belongs to the Ministry of Construction, the animal resources management belongs to the General Administration of Forestry, and its own scientific research and popular science functions are guided by the Science and Technology Commission. Therefore, the zoo has the nature of cultural facilities, but it has never been included in the scope of cultural undertakings management, nor can it appear in the cultural construction plan.
In recent years, the function of the Ministry of Construction in charge of parks has been weakened, while the function of the forestry system in charge of animal resources has been strengthened. With the approval of forestry system, there are more than 30 "wild zoos" in China in recent 10 years, the number of which is three times that of the United States and six times that of Japan. It is precisely because of the explosive appearance of the "wild zoo" of market products and corporate behavior that the world wildlife market price has doubled internationally, exposing two chronic diseases of malicious investment and loss of the whole industry at home. Wildlife parks are usually a combination of government projects and private contracted management. They opened it with hundreds of millions of bank loans, and they have no intention or ability to repay the loans at all, which is obviously malicious; A few projects can have a short period of profiteering, but they will soon fall into a loss situation. In order to save the struggling wildlife park, the government and forestry departments have turned their attention to public welfare zoos, and "resource integration" has become a model. Beijing Daxing Wildlife Park invested more than 200 million yuan, but the annual average number of tourists was scarce, making ends meet, so it concentrated the consumption resources, brand resources, rare species resources and public welfare fund resources of Beijing Zoo. Wuhan operating zoo and wildlife park merged; Chengdu is a trinity of zoo, panda breeding base and wildlife park. Confusion of the relationship between cultural undertakings and cultural industries, the relationship between public property and private property, and the relationship between public welfare enterprises and profit-making enterprises are the characteristics of this "resource integration"
So far, zoos in Shenyang, Dalian, Harbin, Xi, Ningbo, Hefei, Urumqi and Xining have been merged into wild zoos (or private zoos). Except for a few cities such as Dalian, all of them have moved out of the city, and the nearest one is more than 20 kilometers. And most of its social welfare nature has been changed. Tickets also range from a few yuan to a dozen yuan to dozens to hundreds of yuan. However, it turns out that the result of this relocation is a failure: after the relocation of Harbin Zoo, the flow of people has dropped from 900,000 to only 90,000 per year. In recent years, some animals have died due to financial problems. Not only in Harbin, but also in other cities.
Move the zoo and build a park.
Since the relocation of Beijing Zoo in 2004, the Ministry of Construction has issued relevant documents prohibiting the zoo from changing its public welfare nature after the original site is relocated. In this way, although the relocation of the zoo for commercial development can be banned, the reason for moving the zoo has become "increasing urban green space."
All major cities in China have begun to strengthen the construction of urban green space, the most important of which is to increase the park area. The land in the city is very precious. If one more park is built, the land for commercial development will be reduced. Therefore, some cities are eyeing the zoo again. With the construction of urban green space, parks in many cities are gradually open for free, while zoos are not open for free because of the cost of raising animals, so many people think that zoos do not belong to parks. When the zoo moves, the vacated land can be converted into free parks, which can be claimed to be "adding park green space for the city", but in fact, it does not occupy more urban construction land. In fact, zoos are also part of urban green spaces and parks. Changing the zoo into a park is equivalent to changing one green space into another. In fact, the area of urban green space has not increased. Moreover, this relocation can only increase the zoo area and animal species, but there is not much progress in conservation education and comprehensive protection. More importantly, after the zoo moves out, its area will definitely expand and the number of animals will also increase, but the government's financial subsidies have not increased simultaneously, so the zoo can only increase the ticket price. For example, before the relocation of Nanchang Zoo, the ticket price was 22 yuan, and the system remained unchanged, but it rose to 50 yuan after the relocation. This relocation has greatly weakened the public welfare nature of the zoo. "Polluting the urban environment" and "encroaching on the park green space" are serious misunderstandings about the zoo, which are just excuses for moving. The zoo should belong to the urban park green space, but it is used as a tool to develop tourism, which is really putting the cart before the horse.
However, it is undeniable that the relocation of the zoo has greatly improved animal welfare. The old zoos built decades ago generally have problems such as aging cages, backward facilities and small exhibition area. The new zoo can greatly improve the living environment of animals. Therefore, from the perspective of improving animal welfare, it is reasonable to move the zoo.
Other ways
In addition to the way of moving out, there are also many cities that do not move the zoo, but rebuild it in the original site. Such as Nanning, Baoding, Suzhou and other cities, have been transformed and expanded with the government's capital investment. Zoos in Shantou, Guilin and other cities are located in the park, and these cities choose other places in the park for renovation. However, these are often cities without wild zoos, and zoos in some cities are not large.
This way of on-site transformation should be advocated. It can still be developed and rebuilt on the original site of the zoo, which is not only beneficial to the development of the zoo, but also does not affect the public's sightseeing. This way is the best policy. However, after many zoos were reformed, the ticket prices rose too much, which led to the gradual commercialization of zoos and weakened the public welfare of zoos.
Zoos established in different periods
(Not completely, zoos in Hongkong, Macau and Taiwan Province Province are not included for the time being, and wildlife parks are not included).
Before the founding of New China, the name of other agricultural experimental sites was changed from Zoo (Wansheng Garden) 1906 experimental site to Beiping Agricultural and Forestry Experimental Institute. Guangzhou Dongyuan Qingdao Xu Park Zoo 19 15 Xu Park 1929 was renamed Zhongshan Park in May. Wanquanhe Park in Shenyang was renamed Wanquan Park after animals were exhibited in 19 15, and Shenyang Zoo was renamed Shenyang Zoo in 1979. Shanghai Gujiazhai Park was renamed Fuxing Park after animals were exhibited in 19 16, and animals moved to Xijiao Park in 1963. Shanghai Gisfield Park was renamed Fuxing Park after animals were exhibited in 19 18, and animals were moved to Xijiao Park in 1962. Guangzhou Yonghan Park 1928 Nanjing Wuzhou Park "Animal Paradise" 1928 Wuzhou Park was renamed Xuanwu Lake Park. Shanghai Municipal Zoo 193 1 year Changsha Tianxin Park 1934 New JD.COM Botanical Garden 1938 Yinchuan Zhongshan Park Zoo in 1930s Xiamen Zhongshan Park Zoo1942 1950s-1960s: Name Opening Hours Other Beijing Xijiao Parks/KLOC-0. 1 955 April1renamed Beijing Zoo. Guangzhou People's Park was originally named Yonghan Park with the number 1950, and later renamed Guangzhou Zoo with the number 1955. /kloc-moved in 0/956 and opened on New Year's Day in 0/958. Anshan 2 19 Park began to raise animals on 1950 and was renamed Anshan Zoo. Wang Xi Park in Benxi started raising animals on 1950. Wuxi Zoo joined Huihui Park Zoo in the early 1950s. Baoding People's Park1June 24th, 952 was originally Cao Kun Garden, which was built on 192 1 year. 1995 was renamed Baoding Zoo. Chengdu Baihuatan Zoo 1953 Harbin Zoo 1954 1 Nanjing Xuanwu Lake Zoo195411998 moved to Hongshan Park and changed its name to Nanjing Hongshan Forest Zoo. Hefei xiaoyaojin Zoo 1954 1954 Three private zoos, including Siming Zoo near Shanghai Chenghuang Temple, were merged here. Suzhou Zoo 1 954 May1Shanghai Xijiao Park1954 On May 25th, animals were raised in June of the same year. 1 980 65438+1October1renamed Shanghai Zoo. Shantou Zhongshan Park Zoo 1954 Chongqing Zoo 1955 Bao Hua Park 1955 Taiyuan Zoo 1955 Wuxi Xi Hui Park Zoo 1956 It was renamed Wuxi Zoo after New Year's Day. Shijiazhuang People's Park 1956 1983 was moved to No.698 Zhongshan West Road and renamed as Shijiazhuang Xijiao Zoo Zunyi Park Zoo 1956 Fuzhou Zoo 1956 Zoo was formerly the Animal Corner of West Lake Kaihua Temple, which was built in 1952. Liuzhou Liu Hou Park Zoo was renamed Liuzhou Zoo, with the zip code of 1956. Luxun Park in Dalian began to exhibit animals on 1957, and was renamed Dalian Zoo in September, 1966. Lanzhou Wuquanshan Park Zoo 1957 1992 was separated from Wuquanshan Park to establish Lanzhou Zoo. Xi 'an Zoo 1958 was formerly an animal exhibition group founded in Xi 'an by Shanghainese Liu Tong in 1954, and 1956 was a public-private joint venture. Yangzhou Slender West Lake Park Zoo 1958 Changsha Zoo 1958 Shanghai Basket Park 1959 was renamed Peace Park. From June 5, 2007 to February, these animals were transferred to the newly-built ecological animal island in the park. The first batch of animals in Qianling Mountain Zoo in Guiyang came from 1959 Riverside Park. Huai 'an Fuxing Zoo 1958 Xinhui Zoo 1958 Nanchang People's Park Zoo19591987 was separated from People's Park in February, and Nanchang Zoo was established. Ningbo Zhongshan Park Animal Corner 1959 Hengyang Yueping Park Animal Corner 1959 1985 was separated from Yueping Park and Hengyang Zoo was established. Qixing Park Zoo1959 In 2009, a new Guilin Zoo was built in Qixing Park. Kunming Tong Yuan Zoo was renamed Kunming Zoo. Jinniu Park in Jinan1960 May 1 1989 was renamed Jinan Zoo. Xining People's Park Zoo was renamed Xining Zoo after 1960. Hangzhou Garden Administration Zoo 196 1 was formerly three private mobile zoos. After 1958, these animals were scattered for breeding and exhibition in Hupao and other places. 1970s and 1980s: The name of the opening hours zoo was changed from other Jinzhou Beihu Park 1973 to Jinzhou Zoo 200 1. Zhangzhou Zoo/KOOC-0/973 Nanning Zoo/KOOC-0/975 Hangzhou Zoo/KOOC-0/975 Hangzhou Garden Administration Zoo moved into Chengdu Zoo/KOOC-0/976 Baihuatan Zoo moved into Qingdao Zoo/KOOC-0/979 Zhongshan Park Zoo moved out/KOOC-0/989. Shenyang Zoo 1979 Wanquan Park was renamed Shanghai Zoo 1 980 65438+1 October1Xijiao Park was renamed Tianjin Zoo1980 65438+1October/KLOC-0. In 1980s, the former Xi Zoo moved out of Xijiao Zoo in Shijiazhuang 1983, and the former People's Park in Shijiazhuang moved into No.698 Zhongshan West Road. In 2004, they moved to Ningbo Zoo, Xiangyang South Street, Luquan, 65438+ 1 June 19841Lhasa Xiaoyeka Zoo, 65438+Xiaoyeka Animal Farm 1984 Wuhan Zoo, 65438+1February 20, 1985, Wuhan Zhongshan Park Zoo moved out of Hengyang Zoo/KLOC. In February 2007, Changchun Zoo and Botanical Garden and People's Park were established separately. On September, 0987, 15, the former site of the new Beijing Zoo and Botanical Garden was Zhengzhou Zoo. 1 October, 1985,1,Zijingshan Park, Animal Corner in Bishagang Park and People's Park moved out of zoos after 1990s: name before relocation, time after relocation, name after relocation, location before relocation, fare after relocation Shenyang Zoo in the mid-1990s, Dalian Zoo in Qipanshan, 25km away from Shenyang. Yunshan 1 Xuanwu Lake Zoo in Nanjing, 20 yuan 1998 Nanjing Hongshan Forest Zoo Hongshan Park Taiyuan Zoo 2003 10 yuan Taiyuan Zoo Wohushan Park 10 yuan Ningbo Zoo February 20041Yuan Ningbo Youngor Zoo Dongqian Lake Tourist Resort 10 yuan 8. Harbin Zoo In 2004, 0 yuan Harbin Northern Forest Zoo was 43km away from Acheng District 10 yuan Yangzhou Slender West Lake Park Zoo In 2004, Yangzhou Zoo was located in Zhuyuwan Scenic Area, Wantou Town, the northern suburb of Yangzhou, 40 Yuan Xi 'an Zoo February 2004 10 Xi An Qinling Wildlife Park was 28km away from Xi District, and Hefei xiaoyaojin Animal 5 yuan 80 yuan was on August 30, 2004, and Hefei Wildlife Park was away from the city center/KLOC-0. 25 yuan Weifang People's Park Zoo 2004 Weifang Jinbaoyuan Zoo Weifang Jinbaoyuan Shijiazhuang Zoo June 2004 1 Shijiazhuang Zoo is 7.5 kilometers away from the city center/KLOC-0. 50 yuan, Northwest of Dujiazhuang Village, Huolu Town, Luquan City, Lu Wu. Qi Mu Zoo 2005 Tianshan Wildlife Park in Xinjiang is 25 kilometers away from Dabancheng District 1 Zibo People's Park Zoo in 35 yuan, 0 yuan 2005 Zunyi Zoo in Zhangdian District, Zibo 2005 Zunyi Zoo in Changzheng Town, Honghuagang District, 8 yuan Liuzhou Zoo in February 28, 20051 5 Yuan Xing Tai Shi People's Park Zoo June 2006 5438+February 2006 Xingtai Zoo Xingtai County Forest Park Changzhou Hongmei Park Zoo 2007 Yancheng Wild Animal Park Yancheng Benxi Wang Xi Park Zoo is 8 kilometers away from Changzhou City July 3, 2007 Japan Creek Zoo Pingdingshan Fuzhou Zoo May 4, 2008 Fuzhou Zoo Jinan District Xindian Town Health Village No.30 original Bayi Nursery. Xining Zoo 2008 10 Tibetan Plateau Wildlife Park Xishan Forest Farm 8 yuan 30 yuan Xinhui Zoo 20 10 Dou Gu Town Wuxi Zoo 20 10 Wuxi Zoo Qianrong Road Changsha Zoo 20 10 Changsha Ecological Zoo Muyun Town, Changsha County 20 yuan 80 yuan Nanchang Zoo 2065. 438+0 1 year/month 1 day Nanchang ZooNo. 1 288 Taohua South Road Nanchang 22 yuan 50 yuan huaian zoo No.201September 16 huaian zoo Healthy West RoadNo. 198. In September, Linyi Zoo and Botanical Garden, 35 yuan, 10 yuan, Rome Scenic Area and Linyi Economic Base were opened. Note: The fare is based on the fare in the year of relocation.