The concept of consumption is a content that is often tested in politics. Below I bring you how to answer the question on political consumption outlook in the 2019 College Entrance Examination. Welcome to read!
How to establish a correct consumption outlook
New materials for the college entrance examination Top Ten Secrets for Essay Sprint
1. The essence of currency is general equivalent, but it does not mean that general equivalent can only be currency.
From a historical perspective, all commodities can serve as general equivalents. It is only because gold and silver have advantages that other commodities do not have that they are separated from the commodity world and fixedly serve as general equivalents and become currency. Therefore, it is one-sided to generally say that general equivalents are money and to completely equate general equivalents with money.
2. Deflation has both advantages and disadvantages for consumers.
Prices affect consumption, and deflation causes prices to fall. From a short-term perspective, deflation can enhance the purchasing power of money, which is temporarily beneficial to consumers. However, deflation will have an adverse impact on corporate production and economic development, affecting employment and market supply. In the long run, it will be detrimental to consumers.
3. Changes in the RMB exchange rate affect its purchasing power.
The RMB exchange rate is relative to foreign currencies. An increase in the RMB exchange rate only means that the RMB has appreciated relative to foreign currencies. It only affects the purchasing power of the RMB in the international market and has no impact on the purchasing power of the RMB in the domestic market. purchasing power has no impact.
4. Income is not the decisive factor affecting consumption levels.
(1) Developing production and maintaining stable economic growth are the fundamental ways to improve residents’ consumption levels. Therefore, only by vigorously developing social productivity can we fundamentally improve residents' consumption levels.
(2) The level of residents’ consumption is the result of the combined effect of many factors. Except for the fundamental path of developing production, no conditions are required when analyzing the impact of any other factor on the consumption level. , must add the qualification of "other things being equal", otherwise, such statements as "the lower the price, the higher the consumption level," and the higher the income, the higher the consumption level, etc., are one-sided.
5. Loan consumption does not mean advanced consumption, and moderate consumption does not mean restricted consumption.
(1) Loan consumption is the act of moving content that can only be consumed in the future to the present through credit and other means. If loan consumption is carried out based on national conditions and one's own actual situation, and has the ability to repay the loan in the future, then it is moderate consumption; otherwise, it is advanced consumption.
(2) Moderate consumption emphasizes that consumption should take into account the country’s economic development level and one’s own income level, and should be carried out within one’s own economic capacity. It opposes both extravagance and waste, as well as excessive frugality. Restricting consumption will not satisfy people's consumption needs and is not conducive to promoting the development of production. Therefore, we cannot equate moderate consumption with restricted consumption.
6. Hard work, diligence and thrift are still good moral qualities advocated by our country in the new era.
(1) As a spirit and traditional virtue, hard work, diligence and frugality are not a specific way of consumption. No matter what level of consumption, this spirit cannot be discarded.
(2) Promote hard work, diligence and frugality, and require people to consume rationally based on actual needs and income levels, and not blindly compare and be extravagant and wasteful. Therefore, what it opposes is high consumption and extravagance, rather than suppressing people's reasonable consumption needs and restricting people's normal consumption.
(3) Hard work, diligence and frugality cannot be understood as meaning that you can only live a hard life forever, and do not consume when you have money. Otherwise, consumption will be suppressed and the development of production will be hindered. With the development of production and the improvement of residents' income levels, the specific content of the spirit of hard work, diligence and frugality is also constantly changing. Advocating hard work, diligence and frugality is fundamentally in line with my country's national conditions and is not inconsistent with the current economic situation of expanding domestic demand.
Summary of consumption values ????of compulsory political knowledge points
1. The meaning of commodities: commodities are labor products used for exchange.
2. The basic attributes of commodities? Use value and value
(1) The concept of use value: the attributes of commodities that can satisfy certain needs of people.
(Note: A commodity does not necessarily have a use value. A commodity must have a use value.)
(2) The value of a commodity: the undifferentiated human labor condensed in the commodity.
(Note: The reason why commodities with different use values ??can be exchanged is because they all consume undifferentiated human labor)
(3) Commodities are the unity of use value and value , both are indispensable. Use value is the material bearer of value. Things without use value are not commodities, and things without value are not commodities. No one can obtain both the use value and value of goods at the same time. The purpose of consumers buying goods is to obtain the use value of the goods, and the purpose of the sellers is to realize the value of the goods.
(2) The essence of currency.
1. The emergence of currency: Currency is the product of commodity exchange that has developed to a certain stage;
2. The meaning and essence of currency:
(1) Meaning : Money is separated from commodities and serves fixedly as a generally equivalent commodity.
(2) The essence of currency is: general equivalent.
(General equivalent: a commodity that can express the value of all other commodities and serve as a medium of commodity exchange.) Understand
3. The functions of money
(1) Two A basic function? Value scale and means of circulation
A. Value scale function
(1) Meaning: It is the function of using money as a scale to express and measure the value of all other commodities.
(Reason: The reason why money can become a measure of value is that money is also a commodity and has value.)
(2) The relationship between price and value:
The so-called price is the value of the commodity expressed through a certain amount of currency, which is called price. Price is the monetary expression of value, and value is the basis of price. Holding other factors constant, the price of a commodity is directly proportional to its value.
(3) When currency performs the function of value scale, it is only conceptual currency and does not require real currency.
B. Means of circulation:
(1) Meaning: The function of currency as a medium of exchange for commodities is called means of circulation.
(2) Pay attention to the difference between circulation means and commodity circulation. The exchange of commodities using money as the medium is called commodity circulation. The means of circulation emphasize the role of currency in commodity exchange, while commodity circulation emphasizes how commodities are exchanged.
(3) Currency as a means of circulation must be real currency, not conceptual currency.
(2) In the process of development, currency has the functions of storage means, payment means and world currency.
4. Calculation formula for the amount of currency required in circulation.
The amount of money required in circulation = the total price of goods (i.e. the quantity of goods for sale? price level)/money circulation velocity
(This shows: the amount of money needed in circulation The amount of money is directly proportional to the total price of commodities, and inversely proportional to the velocity of currency circulation)
5. The emergence and development of paper money:
(1) Paper money follows the commodity. arising from the development of exchange.
(2) The meaning of banknotes: It must be a value symbol issued by the country (or some regions) and mandatory.
(Note: Paper money itself has no value. It only replaces metal currency to perform the function of a means of circulation. Two points need to be emphasized here: one is issued by the country or a specific region. The other is mandatory use by the country. Paper money It has no value, and the main reason why it can replace currency as a means of circulation is the coercive power of the state)
6. Inflation and deflation
(1) Paper money is made of. The state has the right to issue banknotes, but it cannot issue any amount of banknotes at will. The issuance of banknotes must be limited to the amount of currency required in circulation.
(2) Inflation refers to the phenomenon of comprehensive and sustained price increases in economic operations. If the issuance of banknotes exceeds the amount of currency required in circulation, it will cause price increases and affect people's lives or social and economic order.
(Note: There are many reasons for inflation, which are not only related to the excessive circulation of banknotes, but also to other factors, such as rising costs, excessive aggregate demand, etc.)
< p> (3) Deflation is an economic phenomenon opposite to inflation, which is an economic phenomenon characterized by a comprehensive and sustained decline in prices. Usually accompanied by economic recession.2. Credit instruments and foreign exchange
(1) Credit instruments:
1. Settlement method: (1) Cash settlement (2) Transfer settlement.
2. Commonly used credit tools:
(1) Credit card:
A. Meaning: It has consumption, transfer settlement, cash deposits and withdrawals, credit loans, etc. or a fully functional electronic payment card.
B. Advantages: Credit cards can integrate deposits, withdrawals, consumption, settlement, and inquiries, which can reduce the use of cash, simplify payment procedures, facilitate shopping and consumption, enhance consumption safety, and bring benefits to cardholders Come to many conveniences.
C. Bank credit card refers to a credit certificate issued by commercial banks to customers with good credit status.
(2) Check: It is a payment certificate for demand deposits. It is a note in which the drawer unconditionally pays a certain amount to the payee or holder when entrusting a bank or other financial institution to see the check. Checks are mainly divided into two types: transfer checks and cash checks.
(2) Foreign exchange and exchange rate:
1. Foreign exchange: Foreign exchange is a means of payment expressed in foreign currency for international settlement.
2. Exchange rate, also known as exchange rate, is the exchange ratio between two currencies.
Criteria for judging the rise and fall of the exchange rate: If 100 units of foreign exchange can be exchanged for more RMB, it means that the exchange rate of foreign exchange has increased, the foreign currency has appreciated, the RMB exchange rate has fallen, and the RMB has depreciated; vice versa, and the same is true. .
3. The impact of exchange rate changes on the economy: (ie: analysis of the pros and cons of currency appreciation and depreciation)
(1) The appreciation of the local currency means that the same amount of foreign currency will be exchanged for the local currency. , the impacts are: A. Exports decrease and imports increase; B. Foreign investment costs increase; C. Leads to a decrease in domestic production and an increase in unemployment; D. The country’s foreign exchange reserves depreciate, but it is conducive to repaying foreign debts; E. It is conducive to domestic enterprises going global
< p> (2) The depreciation of the local currency means that the same amount of foreign currency is exchanged for more local currency. The effects are: A. Exports increase and imports decrease; B. Foreign investment costs decrease; C. The international competitiveness of domestic products is enhanced. D. Domestic consumption is relatively cheap. Foreign tourists increased.4. The meaning and significance of maintaining the basic stability of the RMB currency value: that is, maintaining the stability of the overall price level internally, maintaining the stability of the RMB exchange rate externally, which is beneficial to the stability of people's lives, the sustained, rapid and healthy development of the national economy, and the world financial stability and economic development.
3. Establish a correct view of money
1. From the perspective of its origin: currency is the product of the long-term development of commodity exchange;
2. From the perspective of its essence: currency It is a fixed commodity that serves as a general equivalent;
From a functional point of view: currency has two basic functions: a value measure and a means of circulation;
From an importance point of view: In a certain sense, currency It is a symbol of wealth. In the primary stage of socialism, commodity-currency relations still exist, and various economic activities such as production, distribution, exchange, and consumption are inseparable from currency.