Hello! I) loan object
Determination of the loan object of commercial banks;
First of all, it should reflect the basic requirements of the flow of credit funds, and the loan should be able to guarantee the repayment of interest;
Second, it must meet the requirements of the loan principles of commercial banks, and the loan issuance should follow the principles of efficiency, safety and liquidity;
Third, it is necessary to reflect the requirements of the loan investment policy, and the loan investment should obey the national industrial policy.
Therefore, the loan object of commercial banks must be industrial and commercial enterprises, that is, they have economic income, the prepaid value can be compensated and increased, and there is a source of funds to repay the loan principal and interest. Any non-operating unit without economic income can only be the object of financial allocation, but not the object of bank loans.
② loan conditions
Loan conditions refer to what conditions the object has to obtain a loan. It is a specific requirement for the loan object. Any enterprise within the "object" and meeting the requirements of "conditions" can obtain bank loans. The basis for determining the loan conditions is: the legality of the establishment of enterprise units, the independence of operation, the adequacy of its own capital, the profitability of operation and the safety of loans. Therefore, enterprises, institutions and individuals that need to apply for loans from banks must meet the following basic conditions.
The current loan conditions of China Commercial Bank are:
1. Legitimacy of operation
2. Independence of operation
3. Have certain self-owned funds.
4. Open a basic account in the bank.
5. Have the ability to repay the principal and interest on schedule.
Eight. The purpose and type of loan
(1) loan purpose
The purpose of the loan refers to the direction and scope of the use of the loan in the enterprise's capital occupation. It specifies what kind of capital needs enterprises can use loans, and how many of these capital needs are solved by bank loans.
The loan in this period is mainly used for the capital demand for the renovation of inventory and fixed assets. From the liquidity point of view, the loans of industrial enterprises are mainly used for the capital requirements of raw material reserves, in-process products and finished goods inventories. The loans of commercial enterprises are mainly used for the capital demand of commodity inventory and the capital demand of industrial and commercial enterprises in the process of commodity sales. From the perspective of fixed capital, it is mainly used for the capital demand of enterprise's technological progress and equipment renewal, the capital demand of enterprise's new construction, transformation and expansion, and the capital demand of enterprise's scientific and technological development (including part of working capital). In the field of consumption, it is mainly used for the capital demand caused by the purchase of civil commercial housing and automobiles.
Nine. Loan type
At present, the classification standards and types of loans are as follows:
(a) according to the nature of the loan business.
1, self-operated loan. Refers to the loan independently issued by the lender with funds raised by legal means, with the risks borne by the lender and the principal and interest recovered by the lender.
2. Entrusted loans. Refers to loans provided by government departments, enterprises, institutions, individuals and other principals, and issued, supervised and recovered by the lender (i.e. the trustee) according to the loan object, purpose, amount, term and interest rate determined by the principal. The lender (trustee) only charges the handling fee and does not bear the loan risk.
3. Specific loans. Refers to the loans granted by a wholly state-owned commercial bank after being approved by the State Council and taking corresponding remedial measures for the losses that may be caused by the loans.
(2) According to the loan term.
1. Short-term loan. Refers to the loan with a loan term of 1 year (inclusive).
2. Medium and long-term loans. Medium-term loans refer to loans with a loan term of more than 1 year (excluding 1 year) to less than 5 years (including 5 years).
Long-term loans refer to loans with a loan term of more than 5 years (excluding 5 years). RMB medium and long-term loans include fixed assets loans and special loans.
(three) according to the economic nature of the loan subject.
1. Loans from state-owned and state-holding enterprises.
2. Collective enterprise loans.
3. Private enterprise loans.
4. Individual industrial and commercial loans.
(four) according to the degree of credit loans.
1. Credit loan. Refers to the credit status of the borrower at the time of loan issuance.
2. Guaranteed loan. Refers to secured loans, mortgage loans,.
Secured loan refers to a loan issued by a third party, which promises that when the borrower fails to repay the loan, the borrower will bear the general guarantee liability or joint liability as agreed.
Mortgage loan refers to a loan that is mortgaged by the property of the borrower or a third party and issued in accordance with the prescribed mortgage method.
, refers to the mortgage of the movable property or rights of the borrower or a third party, and the loan is issued according to the agreed pledge method.
3. Bill discount. Refers to the loan issued by the lender in the form of purchasing the borrower's unexpired commercial paper.
(five) according to the professional mode of social reproduction loans.
1. working capital loan.
2. Fixed capital loans.
According to the quality of the loan.
1. Normal loan. Refers to the loan that is expected to be able to turn around normally within the loan period and be repaid in full and on time.
2. non-performing loans. Non-performing loans include non-performing loans, sluggish loans and overdue loans.
Non-performing loans refer to loans classified as non-performing loans according to the relevant provisions of the Ministry of Finance.
Sluggish loans refer to loans that are overdue (including overdue) according to the relevant provisions of the Ministry of Finance and are still returned after the prescribed time limit, or loans that are not overdue or overdue but have terminated production and operation and suspended projects (excluding non-performing loans).
Overdue loans refer to loans (excluding sluggish loans and non-performing loans) that have not been returned due (including overdue loans) as agreed in the loan contract.
(7) Classification of loan quality (degree of risk) according to international practice.
Bank loans are divided into five grades: normal, concerned, secondary, doubtful and loss. The latter three types of loans are called "non-performing loans" or "problem loans".
Second, what are the specific contents of the four-level classification and five-level classification of rural credit cooperatives' loans?
Four-level classification: normal loans overdue loans, non-performing loans and sluggish loans; Among them, bad debts and sluggish loans are non-performing loans; Five-level classification: pay attention to the second suspicious loss normally. The latter three are non-performing loans.
Third, the classification of loan types.
Loan type is a specific classification of loans according to certain standards. Scientifically classifying and setting loan types is of great significance for implementing loan policies, correctly using credit funds, studying loan structure, strengthening loan management and reflecting national economic activities. The classification standards of loan types are diversified, and there are different classification methods according to different standards. The selection of loan classification standards should be based on the requirements of national economic management and bank credit management. Classifying loan types from a macro perspective is helpful to analyze the proportional relationship between loans in different economic sectors, facilitate the specific implementation of national economic policies, especially industrial policies, rationally allocate social funds, and guide and promote the coordinated development of industrial structure. Classifying loan types from a microscopic perspective is helpful to strengthen enterprise management, enhance the ability to repay principal and interest, improve loan efficiency, and embody the three principles of loan efficiency, safety and liquidity. At present, the classification standards and types of loans are as follows: 1. Self-operated loan. Refers to the loan independently issued by the lender with funds raised by legal means, with the risks borne by the lender and the principal and interest recovered by the lender.
2. Entrusted loans. Refers to loans provided by government departments, enterprises, institutions, individuals and other principals, and issued, supervised and recovered by the lender (i.e. the trustee) according to the loan object, purpose, amount, term and interest rate determined by the principal. The lender (trustee) only charges the handling fee and does not bear the loan risk.
3. Specific loans. Refers to the loans granted by a wholly state-owned commercial bank after being approved by the State Council and taking corresponding remedial measures for the losses that may be caused by the loans. 1. Short-term loan. Refers to the loan with a loan term of 1 year (inclusive). At present, there are mainly short-term loans with a term of 6 months and 1 year. This kind of loan, also known as working capital loan, accounts for a large proportion in the whole loan business and is one of the most important businesses of financial institutions.
2. Medium and long-term loans. Medium-term loans refer to loans with a loan term of more than 1 year (excluding 1 year) to less than 5 years (including 5 years). Long-term loans refer to loans with a loan term of more than 5 years (excluding 5 years). RMB medium and long-term loans include fixed assets loans and special loans. 1. Loans from state-owned and state-holding enterprises.
2. Collective enterprise loans.
3. Private enterprise loans.
4. Individual industrial and commercial loans. 1. Credit loan. Refers to the credit status of the borrower at the time of loan issuance.
2. Guaranteed loan. Refers to secured loans, mortgage loans,.
Secured loan refers to a loan issued by a third party, which promises that when the borrower fails to repay the loan, the borrower will bear the general guarantee liability or joint liability as agreed.
Mortgage loan refers to a loan that is mortgaged by the property of the borrower or a third party and issued in accordance with the prescribed mortgage method.
, refers to the mortgage of the movable property or rights of the borrower or a third party, and the loan is issued according to the agreed pledge method.
3. Bill discount. Refers to the loan issued by the lender in the form of purchasing the borrower's unexpired commercial paper. 1. working capital loan. It can be divided into industrial liquidity loans, commercial liquidity loans and other liquidity loans.
2. Fixed capital loans. Fixed capital loans for large and medium-sized projects are handled by China Development Bank and China Construction Bank. Small and medium-sized project funds are not only the funds raised by enterprises and society, but also the important loan business of wholly state-owned commercial banks and other commercial banks. 1. Normal loan. Refers to the loan that is expected to be able to turn around normally within the loan period and be repaid in full and on time.
2. non-performing loans. Non-performing loans include non-performing loans, sluggish loans and overdue loans.
Non-performing loans refer to loans classified as non-performing loans according to the relevant provisions of the Ministry of Finance.
Sluggish loans refer to loans that are overdue (including those that expire after the extension) and have not been returned within the prescribed time limit according to the relevant provisions of the Ministry of Finance, or loans that are not overdue or overdue but have terminated production and operation and suspended projects (excluding non-performing loans).
Overdue loans refer to loans (excluding sluggish loans and non-performing loans) that have not been returned due (including overdue loans) as agreed in the loan contract. The characteristics of loans themselves determine that loans must be classified. Loans have the following characteristics.
1. Loans are inherently risky. Intrinsic risk refers to the possibility of loss that has existed in practice but has not yet been shown. In theory, as long as any loan is issued, there will be risks. Different loans have different risks, and some loans have common risks. Scientific classification of loans can help us better identify loan risks and strengthen loan management.
2. The complexity of loan pricing. Loan pricing refers to the loan price with the loan interest rate as the main content; There are many factors that affect the loan price, such as the relationship between loan supply and demand, the overall level of loan market interest rate, the central bank's monetary policy, competition among banks, loan risk, loan pricing technology and so on. Among them, the loan risk is the internal factor that determines the loan price. Scientific classification of loans can provide a basis for loan pricing.
3. Asymmetric characteristics of loan information. Because of different information sources, borrowers know their own market environment, financial situation and repayment willingness better than banks, and the bank's position cannot eliminate this information asymmetry. The harm caused by information asymmetry can be reduced through loan classification. In order to ensure the safety of the financial industry, the central bank must effectively supervise commercial banks, including the management of loan quality, policies, procedures, management and control. From a macro point of view, the quality and structure of loans are important indicators to measure the management level of a bank, and are also the basis for calculating other assessment indicators and scientifically classifying loans, which is conducive to the financial supervision of the central bank.
Four, how is the five-level classification of bank loans specifically divided?
The five categories of bank loans are root bills, subordinated loans, doubtful loans and losses, which correspond to overdue loans of 90 days, 180 days and more than 20 days respectively.
According to Article 47 of the General Principles of Loans, the lender shall classify the loan into doubtful and loss categories according to the risk status of the loan. Lenders shall promptly collect overdue loans. According to the number of overdue days, project loans and enterprise loans are divided into five grades: overdue for 90 days, overdue 180 days, overdue for 270 days, overdue for 360 days and overdue for more than 360 days, which are important reference indicators for loan quality classification. Retail loans should be divided according to the above provisions.
Extended data:
Personal loan management should conduct a comprehensive review of the legality, rationality and accuracy of the loan investigation content, focusing on the due diligence, integrity, guarantee and mortgage (pledge) ratio of the investigator.
Nineteenth on the basis of loan risk income, adopt quantitative and qualitative analysis methods, comprehensive and dynamic loan review and risk assessment. The lender shall establish and improve the borrower's credit record and evaluation.
Article 37 The lender shall regularly track, analyze and evaluate the performance of the borrower, and take it as a reference for the borrower.