Answer: (1) The nominal interest rate refers to the interest rate measured in monetary payments due to loans, and the real interest rate refers to the remuneration or cost of payment measured in terms of goods and services. There is a positive relationship between expected inflation and nominal interest rates, they rise together, this relationship is called the Fisher relationship. It is named after the famous American economist Irving Fisher. There is roughly the following relationship between the inflation rate, nominal interest rates and real interest rates: Nominal interest rate = real interest rate + expected inflation rate. Fisher believes that in the long-term equilibrium of the economy, the actual level is roughly maintained at a fixed level, which depends on some physical factors in the economy, mainly capital productivity. In this way, in the long run, the real interest rate is approximately a constant level, people constantly adjust the expected inflation rate according to the actual inflation rate, and the nominal interest rate level changes with the adjustment of the inflation rate. In the short term, nominal interest rates cannot fully adjust to inflation, and the country is likely to institutionally not allow banks to maintain monetary stability. (2) Real interest rate = nominal interest rate? Expected inflation rate Sometimes the real interest rate may be very high, such as the situation in the United States since 1980; it may also be negative, such as in some countries experiencing severe inflation. Collect the mist and envy in Zhongfang and grind them into pupae and beards. 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