Reason:
From 65438 to 0898, Emperor Guangxu appointed Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao to carry out the Reform Movement of 1898, but failed because of opposition from conservatives. Cixi suppressed the Reform Movement and put Emperor Guangxu under house arrest in Yingtai. Countries sympathized with the reformists and helped Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao escape from China. Cixi wanted to depose Emperor Guangxu, but she was afraid to act because of opposition from all countries, and she held a grudge. In addition, foreign powers tried to carve up China, renting harbors in succession and dividing their spheres of influence, which also increased Cixi's xenophobia.
He Quan, a boxing organization in Shandong Province, was once used by Yu Xian, the governor of Shandong Province, to fight against the church and intimidate its members into leaving the church.
After being persecuted by foreign countries, Yuan Shikai was sent to Shandong to be banned, and the Boxers fled to all parts of Zhuozhou outside Beijing.
At that time, Cixi trusted the ignorant conservative minister and actually listened to Yuxian's words, believing that members of the group could be "invulnerable" and that guns would not hurt people, and encouraged Cixi to use the Boxer Rebellion to exclude foreigners. Empress Dowager Cixi sent a military ministry minister to inspect Zhuozhou resolutely, but fortitude actually said to Empress Dowager Cixi that "the Boxer Rebellion descended from heaven to destroy the ocean" [1]. Therefore, the Boxer Rebellion entered the Forbidden City in Beijing under the slogan of "helping the Qing Dynasty to destroy the foreign countries". Boxers killed foreigners and Christians everywhere, burned churches, tore down power lines, destroyed railways and occupied Tianjin Concession. Ministers of various countries asked the Qing court to ban the Boxer Rebellion, but there was no response.
With the rapid development of the Boxer Rebellion in Zhili and Beijing and Tianjin, foreign powers repeatedly coerced the Qing government to suppress it. 1900 in April, the Boxer Rebellion just developed in the suburbs of Beijing, and the Russian minister proposed repression. The envoys of the United States, Britain, France and Germany also sent a joint note to the Qing government under the secret orders of their own governments, and assembled a fleet at Dagukou to threaten. In May, the Boxer Rebellion developed rapidly in Beijing and Tianjin. More and more Qing soldiers joined the Boxer Rebels, and the xenophobic forces headed by Prince Aisingiorro Zahi gained the upper hand in the Qing government. Seeing that the Qing government was unable to control the situation, ministers of various countries planned to send troops to intervene directly, and the prime minister's yamen was also "unable to persuade the court to take severe repressive measures". On May 28th, Britain, France, Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy, Japan, Russia and the United States formally decided to jointly send troops to suppress the Boxer Rebellion in the name of "protecting the embassy". From May 30th to June 2nd, more than 400 marines from eight countries arrived in Dongjiaomin Lane by train from Tianjin. Subsequently, countries constantly sent more troops to China. Twenty-four warships from various countries gathered outside Dagukou, and more than 2,000 invading troops gathered in Tianjin Concession. Around June 6th, the eight countries' joint policy of aggression against China was approved by their respective governments, and the war of aggression against China broke out.
Wherever Eight-Nation Alliance goes, he burns and rapes. It's terrible. Even the commander-in-chief of Eight-Nation Alliance, Wadesi, admitted that "the details of all the damage and robbery suffered by China this time will never be found out, but the number will be extremely considerable".
After the Boxer Rebellion, foreign powers took the opportunity to send troops to China and plundered it. The news reached Russia, and the czar government thought it was an excellent opportunity to invade China. In addition to taking an active part in Eight-Nation Alliance, in July 1900 and 16, the Hailan gun tragedy was created. Almost all the thousands of China people living in Hailanpao were brutally killed by the Russian army, and less than 100 people swam to escape. 17-2 1 On this day, the Russian invaders drove more than 10,000 residents of 64 villages in Jiangdong to the Heilongjiang River and were shot or hacked to death with axes. The rest were driven into Heilongjiang and drowned. Only a few people made a living by swimming. On August 28, Russian troops occupied Qiqihar; Occupy Jilin on September 22 and Liaoyang on September 28; 65438+1 October1,entered Shengjing (Shenyang). Wherever the Russian army went, it burned, killed and looted, doing all kinds of evil.
1900165438+1October, Russia coerced General Zeng Qi to sign the provisional charter of Fengtian in an attempt to legalize the military occupation. Russian troops seized the opportunity of military occupation and plundered gold mines, coal mines and forest resources in northeast China.
1June 900 10, more than 2,000 foreign invaders led by Seymour attacked Beijing from Tianjin, and they were resisted by the Boxers along the way. 1 1 day, the boxer and the invading army started hand-to-hand combat near Lofa Station. In June of 5438+08, the Boxer Rebellion surrounded the invading army at Langfang Station and launched an attack, killing and injuring dozens of invading troops. 19, Seymour defeated Tianjin and was intercepted by the people on the way, killing 400 people. 22, back to Tianjin Xigu. /kloc-in June of 0/7, another invading army landed in Dagu, invaded Tianjin and was beaten everywhere along the way. It was not until 23rd that he stole the Old Dragon Head Station (now tianjin railway station), joined the invading army in Xigu, arrived in Tianjin Concession and launched an attack on Tianjin City. The fighting in Tianjin has been fierce since July 6. Zhang Decheng led the Boxer Rebellion in Zizhulin for three days and three nights. 14, Tianjin fell.
The news that the invading army invaded Beijing and the Dagu Fort was captured reached Beijing, which aroused great anger. People have executed Moriyama Bin, secretary of the Japanese Embassy, and German Minister Klender for provoking and killing people in Beijing. From June 5438+05 to June 20, they launched fierce attacks on foreign churches in Xishiku and foreign embassies in Dongjiaominxiang, which dealt a heavy blow to foreign invaders.
Xin Chou Treaty:
During Eight-Nation Alliance's invasion of China, under the pressure of the people, the Qing government declared war on the great powers on the surface, but secretly sabotaged the Boxer Rebellion and surrendered to the invading army. 1900 14 After the fall of Tianjin in July, the Qing government appointed Li Hongzhang as the plenipotentiary on August 7, and formally made peace with foreign powers. The powers tried to carve up China by force, but failed under the resistance of the people of China. At the same time, countries have their own plans and contradictions, which makes it necessary for them to continue to use and maintain the Qing government and indirectly rule China through it.
1900, 65438+February, the great powers (except the eight countries that sent troops, plus Belgium, the Netherlands and Spain) submitted an outline of the peace talks to the Qing government, and then made detailed provisions, which was formally signed in Beijing on September 7,190/kloc-0. The main contents of the Xin Chou Treaty are: punishing officials who "offended" the great powers; Send princes and ministers to Germany and Japan to make amends; The Qing government explicitly prohibited China people from establishing and participating in various organizations to resist the invading army; The compensation is 450 million taels of silver, which will be paid in 39 years, with the principal and interest of 980 million taels of silver; Beijing Dongjiaomin Lane has an embassy district, where the state can station troops, but China people are not allowed to live. Destroy the Dagu Fort and the Fort from Beijing to Haikou and Tianjin; The state can station troops along the railway from Beijing to Shanhaiguan. After the signing of the Xin Chou Treaty, China was completely reduced to a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society, and the Qing government became a tool for imperialism to rule China.
Eight-Nation Alliance's invasion background:
From the defeat of China in the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, the western powers coveted China, and by the end of 65438-09, the western powers set off a craze to carve up China. With the deepening of war reparations, the people were overwhelmed and eventually led to the Boxer Rebellion. The Qing government was at home and abroad, unable to resist, so the western powers became even more presumptuous and took advantage of the fish in troubled waters in an attempt to conquer China.
Attachment: In fact, there were only about16,000 troops from Tianjin to Beijing in mid-August (two of them were only symbolic standard-bearers), including 8,000 Japanese troops, 4,800 Russian troops, 3,000 British troops (mainly Sikhs), 2 100 American troops, 800 French troops and 50 Austrian troops.
The yamen, the prime minister of the Qing government, said that he would send troops to Beijing to "protect the embassy", but the Qing government was forced to agree. Subsequently, more than 400 people from Britain, Russia, France, Japan, the United States, Italy, Germany and Austria entered Beijing in batches.
On June 1 1, Seymour, a British vice admiral, led more than 2,000 people from Eight-Nation Alliance to seize the train from Tianjin to Beijing. The brutal aggression of imperialism aroused the loyal opposition of the Boxer Rebellion. /kloc-in June of 0/2, the Boxer Rebellion joined forces with Dong Fuxiang and Nie Shicheng of the Qing army to cut off the contact between the invading army and Tianjin. /kloc-June 0/4 to/kloc-June 0/8, the invading army was surrounded by the Boxers in Langfang, Luodai and Yangcun. Facing the invading army armed with modern guns, the Boxer Rebellion bravely killed the enemy and showed great courage and patriotic enthusiasm. More than 300 people were killed or injured, and Seymour was forced to follow.
In mid-June, the imperialist navy invading China, under the command of Russian naval generals, jointly attacked Dagukou Fort, which was attacked by the loyal opposition of the defenders. The Qing army was injured and sank six enemy ships with more than 200 enemy soldiers. When the war was fierce, Luo Rongguang, the garrison commander, was unfortunately shot and killed. The Qing army lost its command and Dagubao fell. At about this time, the secretary of the Japanese embassy was executed as a spy by Qing soldiers when he went to Yongdingmen to meet Seymour Coalition forces. German ambassador to China Klund was killed by defenders in Dongdan archway. 2 1 year, the Qing government declared war on all countries.
After the fall of Dagukou, thousands of reinforcements from Russia, Britain, Germany and the United States invaded Zizhulin Concession on the west bank of Haihe River in Tianjin and launched a fierce attack on Tianjin and its periphery. Boxers rose to defend Tianjin. Dong Fuxiang led the Boxer Rebellion to attack Laolongtou Railway Station, killing more than 500 Russian troops and occupying the station many times. Zhang Decheng led the Boxer Rebellion and the Qing army to besiege Zizhulin, leveled the minefield with the "Fire Bull Array" and rushed into the concession. Nie Shicheng's Qing army stuck to Guang Hai Temple in the south of the city. On July 9, in the Battle of Balitai, Nie Shicheng was shot seven times and his abdomen was broken. He still insisted on fighting until he died of dragon blood. 14, Tianjin was captured by the allied forces. On August 4th, more than twenty thousand allied troops invaded Beijing from Tianjin. 13, enter the Beijing gate and attack Dongbianmen, Chaoyangmen and Dongzhimen. The British army took the lead in attacking the city from Guangqumen. 14, Beijing fell. The next morning, the Western Empress Dowager and Emperor Guangxu fled hastily. After the Allied Forces entered the city, the Boxer Rebellion's siege of Dongjiaominxiang and Xishiku Church was lifted, and the Boxer Rebellion was forced to withdraw from Beijing and turned to other places to persist in fighting the invaders. On the way to exile, the Western Empress Dowager appointed Li Hongzhang as the plenipotentiary to negotiate with the great powers, and issued an order to completely eradicate the Boxer Rebellion. The vigorous anti-imperialist patriotic movement of the Boxer Rebellion was stifled by the reactionary forces at home and abroad.
After Eight-Nation Alliance occupied Beijing, it sent troops to attack the city and plunder the land, expanding its aggression. In September, when Russian troops invaded Qinhuangdao and Shanhaiguan, they concentrated huge forces and occupied the northeast of China in five ways. In June 5438+10/mid-October, German commander Vadexi led 30,000 troops to China to capture Baoding and Zhangjiakou.
Eight-Nation Alliance's invasion of China has brought profound disasters to the people of China. Wherever the invading army went, it killed, set fire, raped and plundered, and countless villages and towns were reduced to ruins. Tianjin was burned by a third, and Beijing was in ruins. Eight-Nation Alliance plundered openly in Beijing, and countless treasures of the Qing Palace were washed away, and a large number of people were killed.
190 1 On September 7th, 2008, Yi Kuang and Li Hongzhang signed the "Xin Chou Treaty" with imperialism on behalf of the Qing court. The treaty stipulates that China will pay 450 million yuan in silver; The embassy district in Beijing and the railway from Beijing to Shanhaiguan were handed over to foreign troops; People's organizations and anti-imperialist organizations in China are prohibited. The Xin Chou Treaty preserved the power of the Qing government and strengthened the imperialist rule over the people of China, thus making the Qing government a puppet of imperialism.
Statistics on this battle:
Time 1900
Location: China.
As a result, Eight-Nation Alliance won and signed the Xin Chou Treaty.
Countries participating in the boxer movement: Britain, the United States, Germany, France, Russia, Japan, Italy and Austria.
Commander-in-Chief of Empress Dowager Cixi: Edward Seymour (UK) and Alfred Von Waldersee (Germany)
Boxer 1500 troops. The other side: 50,000 troops and 50 warships.
1500 boxer casualties; The other side: 600.