Review Outline of Unit 8, History and Society, Volume 2, Grade 7

The first lesson is the choice you will always face.

People in modern life have a common identity, that is, consumers. When we enter the economic life, consumers are our initial identity.

Consumption is the process of enjoying goods and services to meet our daily needs.

The relationship between production and consumption is: production determines consumption, and consumption affects production. Without production, there is no consumption.

4 Describe the production "journey" of daily necessities (description, ranking)

In daily life, the most common consumption behavior is shopping in the market.

Commodity: It is not only a commodity produced, but also a commodity to be sold in the market. Labor products used for exchange. (will judge)

We can buy goods and services in the market.

Market types: rural market, urban market, professional market and e-commerce.

The role of the market: meet people's needs, bring convenience to life and promote economic prosperity and development.

10 e-commerce: buying and selling goods through computer networks.

1 1 The emergence of e-commerce has broken the traditional face-to-face transaction and enabled people far away from Wan Li to conduct trading activities.

12 under the condition of market economy, the price changes with the change of market supply and demand. Other factors that affect the price: season, such as seasonal commodities such as vegetables, fruits and clothing; Time to market, such as mobile phones, MP3 players, computers, wine and antiques and other electronic products; Location, such as the price of local products is different due to different places of origin and sales, and the price of similar goods in different purchasing power regions is different; Hot spots in life, such as hot things and commodities affected by emergencies; Brands, such as brand-name goods are more expensive. )

13 The factors that affect people's shopping are: the quality, price, origin, brand, after-sales service, the needs and preferences of shoppers, the influence of advertisements and the shopping environment.

14 How to shop reasonably? First of all, we should live within our means and arrange expenditure according to our own income level, so that expenditure can adapt to the income level. Secondly, don't forget frugality at any time. When shopping, it is best to analyze and compare before buying. Third, when shopping, we should proceed from our actual needs and not blindly follow.

15 People's consumption patterns change with the development of the times, the progress of society and the improvement of living standards. For example, from the past "new three years, old three years, sewing for another three years" and "buying as many things as we have" to today's timely "upgrading" and "living beyond our means", we enjoy life in advance (spending in advance) by means of loans.

16 contents of household consumption: First, meet the most basic needs of life (material consumption, such as eating and dressing); Then, pursue a higher quality of life (spiritual consumption, such as attending training and traveling); Labor consumption.

17 the purpose of household consumption: survival consumption, enjoyment consumption and development consumption (the proportion is rising).

18 Engel coefficient = food expenditure/total living consumption expenditure. (indicating that the people are well-off)

19 Engel's law means that the lower the income of a family or an individual, the greater the proportion of its food expenditure in the total expenditure, and with the increase of family income, the proportion of food expenditure in the total income or expenditure of a family gradually decreases. For a country, the poorer a country is, the greater the proportion of food expenditure in the average expenditure of each national.

Green lifestyle: saving resources and reducing pollution; Green consumption, environmental protection purchase; Reuse and reuse; Garbage sorting and recycling; Save species and protect nature. (For example, choose fluoride-free refrigerators, air conditioners and other electrical appliances, and choose washing powder that does not pollute water sources; Choose recycled paper, use paper on both sides, recycle waste paper, etc. )

2 1 emphasizing environmental protection consumption has become people's pursuit of high-quality life and a symbol of modern civilized life.

A well-established enterprise is priceless.

1 What is investment? In the way of Qian Shengqian.

2 How to invest and operate successfully?

1) dad's secret: everyone has nothing-new products-to ensure the leading position of the enterprise; People are superior to me-technological transformation-the source of enterprise vitality; People are superior to me-product price-effective means of competition for enterprises: people are inferior to me-market needs-prerequisite for enterprise survival.

2) Avoid risks: "Don't put all your eggs in one basket." (Diversified investment) The benefits and risks of different projects are complementary.

Common characteristics of investment: it can bring wealth, but it also has risks, and the investment methods and risks that benefit greatly are correspondingly greater.

The enlightenment of uncle grasping the opportunity: ① having market awareness, accurately positioning and grasping the opportunity. ② Hierarchy of market demand. ③ Let go of the burden, welcome the new, study the market demand and be brave in innovation. ④ Follow the laws of nature, adjust measures to local conditions and plant scientifically.

The way to start a business is to seize the opportunity, and the essentials of grasping the opportunity are: adapting to the time, adapting to the situation, guiding the situation and adapting to local conditions.

Investment never equals speculation. Successful entrepreneurs have always regarded credit as the foundation of their career.

A few people may gain temporary benefits through opportunism, immorality and dishonesty. But in the end, we will lose all our partners and all future opportunities.

Keeping promises may make enterprises lose some profits in the short term, but it will make enterprises win opportunities and possibilities for long-term development. Successful enterprises enter the world by virtue of their reputation (quality first, service first).

Lesson 3 It is everyone's responsibility to be the master of the country.

1 The main ways of family financial management: savings, bonds and insurance.

Savings is one of the most common items in the family ledger, and it is also a financial management method that every family can adopt.

3 savings: one of the most common items in the household ledger; Purpose [Emergency, accident prevention, old age prevention, purchase of bulky goods, increase of income (with interest, which belongs to investment)]; Risks (bank mismanagement, currency devaluation, financial crisis); Characteristics (less income but more stable; Less risk; Flexible and can be withdrawn at any time)

Bonds, including: corporate bonds, financial bonds, national debt, etc.

Treasury bonds: bonds issued by the government and the most common bonds.

Advantages and risks of national debt. (Guaranteed by the country's reputation and financial resources, the country assumes the responsibility of repaying the principal and interest, which is the bond with the least risk, and the interest rate is higher than that of bank deposits in the same period, and the income is better; Some bonds can't be converted into cash in advance when you need them, which is a risk. )

7 Insurance: Why buy insurance? When you encounter difficulties or losses, you can transfer risks, share losses equally, implement compensation and mortgage loans, and it can also be used as investment income in daily life.

List several kinds of insurance: property insurance, life insurance, medical insurance, automobile insurance, dividend insurance and so on.

9 What is the family budget? There are two main aspects to arrange family income and expenditure in a planned way: increasing income and reducing expenditure. Open source means increasing income; Reducing expenditure means planning expenditure.

10 What does a successful family budget do? Family budget is an important way of family financial management. A successful family budget can effectively increase income, reduce unnecessary expenses, and scientifically plan personal and family life.

1 1 surplus: income exceeds expenditure; Deficit: Expenditure exceeds income.

12 national expenditure items: expenditures are used for economic construction, social and cultural expenditures, national defense expenditures, administrative expenditures, public facilities and services, etc.

13 national revenue and expenditure is called financial (national) account book. How the state plans to arrange income and expenditure is the national budget.

14 In China, the National People's Congress meets once a year, and one of the important topics is to examine and approve the annual budget.

15 In our life, some important public facilities and service projects must be established by government investment. The army that defends national security, the state organs that serve the people, and many schools and scientific research institutions also depend on the state's income and expenditure.

16 national account books are not only closely related to our lives, but also play an irreplaceable role in the development of the whole society. (Significance of compulsory education project in poverty-stricken areas, Nanning-Kunming Railway, Three Gorges Project, Beijing-Kowloon Railway and South-to-North Water Transfer Project)

17 various forms of national income: tax, debt, interest and expenses.

18 The most important and stable revenue of national finance comes from taxes.

19 What is tax? The state collects taxes from taxpayers according to the standards prescribed by law.

20 China's main tax categories:

Value-added tax is a tax that takes the value-added amount of taxpayers in production and business activities as the tax object.

Consumption tax is a tax levied on specific consumer goods and consumption behaviors.

Business tax is a tax levied according to the turnover (sales) of commercial activities.

Enterprise income tax is a tax levied on the operating income of enterprises or organizations in a certain period of time.

Customs duty is a tax levied on goods and articles entering and leaving People's Republic of China (PRC) (China).

There are many kinds of 2 1 taxes, and each tax has a corresponding taxpayer.

Personal income tax is a tax that many people have to pay when their personal income reaches a certain amount.

Taxable items of personal income tax for 23 people: wages and salaries, manuscript fees, interest, etc.

The remarkable feature of personal income tax for 24 people is that high-income earners pay more taxes and low-income earners pay less taxes.

Tax function: enrich national finance, adjust personal income and narrow the gap between the rich and the poor.

We are always enjoying the benefits of taxation, and we are always paying taxes: as long as we spend, we are paying taxes. The tax included in the final product price is always paid by the consumer.

Paying taxes according to law is the basic obligation of citizens. Our national taxes are collected by the people and used by the people.

Be a small housekeeper of civilized life: the times are different, and the consumption concept is different. We should respect each other's consumption patterns, but while pursuing high-quality consumption life, we should also be frugal, live within our means, and reasonably consume according to our actual needs. We should not consume excessively and blindly, or even waste indiscriminately.

China's tax authorities: State Taxation Bureau and Local Taxation Bureau.

Other information:

1 Apply for student loan-loan consumption; "Walk around when you can't finish eating"-advocating frugality; "Save trees by saving cards"-the concept of environmental protection. All of the above are worthy of recognition. Students chat in Internet cafes and treat their birthdays according to the actual situation. Generally speaking, these consumption patterns should not be advocated among middle school students.

Collecting stamps is also an investment. This is because the number of stamps issued by the state is limited. If it is used as a collection, with the passage of time, the number of similar stamps in the market will continue to decrease and their value will continue to increase. This is what we usually call "collectible". Therefore, it can be considered that "buying stamps is also an investment".

Everyone pays taxes, and the tax amount is the same. (error)

In China, only taxpayers have the obligation to pay taxes directly. Moreover, when taxpayers pay taxes in accordance with the provisions of the tax law, due to different taxes and tax rates, different collection methods and different tax amounts, tax payment depends on voluntary rather than compulsory. (Wrong) Taxes are collected free of charge by the state by virtue of political power, which is mandatory. Taxpayers must pay taxes in accordance with the provisions of the tax law, or they will be punished by law.

Paying taxes will increase personal burden and reduce family living standards. (error)

In China, tax revenue mainly comes from state-owned economy and collective economy, and the growth of tax revenue mainly depends on the development of production, the expansion of economic scale and the improvement of economic benefits. Paying taxes does not increase the burden on individuals and families, nor does it reduce the living standards of families. The collection method of personal income tax also illustrates this point.

It is the duty of citizens to pay taxes according to law. (right)

As a taxpayer, it is something to be proud of to pay taxes for the country consciously. Every citizen must bear the obligation to pay taxes while enjoying the services provided by the state. If everyone only wants to get benefits and doesn't want to pay the price, it will inevitably lead to the decline of the country, and even the best personal wishes will come to nothing.

6 calculation of personal income tax

Further reading: How to buy insurance, which is good, and teach you how to avoid these "pits" of insurance.