Key words: agricultural industrialization, agricultural scale and intensive management, subcontracting, contracting, agricultural policy.
Agricultural industrialization is an important way to promote agricultural modernization, agricultural system innovation and transformation of production and management mode. On the basis of consolidating the household contract responsibility system, it is an effective way to change small production into large production and realize agricultural scale, intensification and enterprise management. It is also a powerful measure to stabilize rural areas, improve agricultural efficiency and increase farmers' income. Supporting and guiding farmers to expand their scale, accelerating the transformation from traditional agriculture to modern agriculture, and taking the road of agricultural industrialization are the top priorities of current rural work.
I. On the industrialized management of agriculture
Agricultural industrialization management is guided by domestic and foreign markets, centered on economic benefits and based on resource development. The leading industries and products of agriculture and rural economy are unified in all aspects of agricultural services before, during and after delivery according to the principle of integration of production, supply, marketing, planting, raising, processing, trade, industry, agriculture, science and education. In the form of realization, it is characterized by specialization of production, regionalization of layout, socialization of service and enterprise management. The essential characteristics of agricultural industrialization management are: organizing the production, processing and sales of agricultural products with market mechanism, changing the relationship between them from simple buying and selling to taking interests as the link, forming the same body of interests through contracts, forming a new mechanism to promote agricultural development and realizing the integration of interests.
Understanding the basic connotation of "agricultural industrialization management" from the perspective of formulating strategic policies includes three aspects: first, promoting the whole process of agricultural management, in which besides the marketization of agricultural products, the marketization of land and technology as agricultural means of production is particularly important; The second is to promote a high level of agricultural management. On the one hand, reduce the proportion of traditional low-level industries-grain planting, and promote the high-level development of agriculture by developing other planting and adjusting agricultural structure; On the other hand, it is to develop agricultural products processing industry to extend agriculture to the secondary industry and increase added value; On the other hand, it is to improve the technical content and level of agricultural production, so that large-scale industrial technology and "laboratory" technology can be widely and effectively applied to the whole process of agricultural production; On the other hand, it is to realize the orderly management of agriculture, not only to organize local division of labor and cooperation in agricultural production departments, but also to realize the orderly and effective allocation of agricultural resources in the whole society.
After more than 20 years of reform and opening up, agriculture has developed from traditional product production to commodity production, and the commercialization and market-oriented operation of agriculture are obviously different from product agriculture in the planned economy period. Based on this change of understanding, it will inject new content into the formulation and implementation of agricultural policies for the government. How to increase agricultural output is only one aspect of the problem, and increasing farmers' income is the center of our work. This is because in the market economy environment, the agricultural product market has changed from a "seller's market" to a "buyer's market", and the history of agricultural product shortage will never return. In the past, referring to agriculture often meant that agricultural production took output as the primary goal. Now, the industrialization of agriculture must first understand the true meaning of "managing" agriculture, that is, engaging in agricultural production should be linked with making money; Agriculture is no longer the "farm-to-farm" model that only seeks output but not income in the past. Instead, it is necessary to extend all aspects of agriculture before, during and after delivery to the "dining table", so that agricultural operators can use the market mechanism to obtain and invest the average profits of other industries. Agriculture includes not only traditional planting, but also the extension of animal husbandry and aquaculture to prenatal and postpartum. Under the concept of agricultural industrialization, a single agricultural product has formed an industrial chain or industrial system in the past, and the whole agriculture will present many unique "chain economy" models. It is the basic point of formulating and implementing agricultural industrial policy to actively explore the industrial management mode of combining planting, breeding and farming, comprehensive management of agriculture, industry and agriculture, integration of trade, agriculture and industry, and one-stop production, processing and marketing, increase the added value of agricultural products, improve the scientific and technological content of agricultural products, fundamentally improve the economic benefits and market competitiveness of agriculture, and realize the depth and breadth development of agriculture.
"Managing" agriculture also shows that people's demand structure for agriculture has undergone profound changes. While people put forward new requirements for the quality and diversification of agricultural products, they also demand the diversification of agricultural functions. New contents such as "eco-environmental agriculture" and "tourism and leisure agriculture" are constantly emerging, which requires agricultural producers to achieve a qualitative leap, not only to understand the "field management" of agricultural production, but also to understand the management of agriculture. It is necessary to establish a sense of competition and brand management, pay attention to marketing strategies, strive to open up domestic and foreign markets, borrow the concept of industrial and commercial enterprise management, operate agricultural production with the management methods of industrial and commercial enterprises, and promote the enterprise construction of agriculture.
Another meaning of agricultural industrialization management is the integration of agricultural reproduction process, including the clear division of labor and reasonable benefit sharing of relevant economic stakeholders. This is the inherent requirement of "consistent interests", which can ultimately protect all relevant stakeholders and reduce the market cost of agricultural industrialization. At present, the realization form of agricultural industrialization management is that leading enterprises drive farmers to implement base and intensive production, which is triggered and expanded by specific agricultural products production. China's agricultural industrialization management basically belongs to this level. Although it has achieved initial results, it still belongs to the primary stage. "Ten farmers in the company" and "order agriculture" are mostly affected by factors such as poor market development, poor circulation channels and fragile credit relations. Farmers sometimes increase production without increasing income, relying on "selling in the fields" and small traders "operating in a bleak way". Therefore, through the rational circulation and allocation of production factors and the division and cooperation of industrial chain, it should be the basic starting point of our government's agricultural work to find an effective way to connect farmers' small-scale operation with socialized large market, organically combine the interests of various economic entities, transform market risks and improve farmers' organization.
Agricultural industrialization calls for the transformation of government functions, which puts forward new requirements for the government to guide and manage agriculture. Under the condition of agricultural industrialization, the government mainly creates a fair competition environment for all participants through relevant governments and laws. From the perspective of policy-making, first, give full play to farmers' subjective spirit and initiative, respect farmers' wishes, do not engage in rigid collocation, do not engage in one size fits all, implement the principle of voluntariness and self-consciousness, lead by typical examples, give play to the role of market mechanism, guide farmers to adjust production factors and product structure, and improve agricultural efficiency. Second, it is necessary to intensify the reform of the establishment and functional orientation of agricultural management institutions of governments at all levels, start with creating a good environment for "industrialized" agriculture and "commercialized" agriculture, and effectively change the working ideas to escort the development of agricultural industrialization. Third, we should attach importance to the cultivation of agricultural industrialization management talents. Under the influence of long-term planned economy and the concept of productization of agricultural production, agricultural commercialization has not been recognized by the whole society, and agricultural management talents are scarce. Therefore, we should attach great importance to discovering and cultivating agricultural management talents, create a good policy environment, and actively guide talents with market development ability to participate in agricultural industrialization.
Second, on the intensive and large-scale development of agricultural industry
Without land scale management, there will be no efficient agricultural industrialization management! This is a simple and valuable experience in the development of agricultural industrialization at home and abroad. As the continuation and extension of agricultural marketization reform in China, agricultural industrialization inevitably requires the introduction of new market relations. As one of the factors of production, the construction of land market is particularly important. Therefore, we must speed up the cultivation of rural land market and realize the marketization of agricultural land circulation. At present, most of China's land management stays at the level of "subcontracting" based on the contract responsibility system. The scale of land management is small, the plots are scattered, the adjustment is frequent, and the transfer mechanism of land use right has not been formed, which greatly hinders the rational allocation of production factors. In addition, individual farmers are unable to improve agricultural infrastructure and carry out agricultural technological transformation, and the weakening of collective organizations makes it difficult to concentrate scattered labor, which weakens the stamina for the sustained and stable development of agricultural production. The result of decentralized management will also lead to low land use efficiency, and at the same time, it can not meet the conditions of mechanized and large-scale production required by "big agriculture" The author believes that it is urgent to formulate and implement relevant policies, establish a land use right transfer mechanism, realize decentralized land use right concentration by means of land shareholding, combine land resource allocation with agricultural industrialization management, and promote the transfer of agricultural land resources to advantageous industries and leading enterprises, which is the key work to solve the problems faced by China's agricultural industrialization management.
Under the premise of household contract responsibility system, the land use pattern formed by average subcontracting can no longer meet the requirements of socialized production and market. With the development of social economy, the scarcity of land is further improved, and the land management pattern is relatively solidified, which makes people who want to cultivate more land unable to cultivate more, and those who don't want to cultivate more land have to cultivate more; Those who cultivate land are unwilling to increase their investment in land, and those who do not want to cultivate land are unwilling to give up the contracted land. This is not conducive to the concentration of land to leading agricultural enterprises, to the large-scale and intensive management of land, and to the further transfer of agricultural labor to secondary and tertiary industries. The average subcontracting of land can only solve the basic living conditions of farmers, but there are obvious defects in promoting agricultural industrialization and improving land utilization: (1) Agricultural management is extensive and the scale is too small. (2) The phenomenon of farmers taking part-time jobs or abandoning farming occurs, resulting in land abandonment and reduced land efficiency. (3) It is very difficult for the state to collectively requisition rural land for development and construction, which is not conducive to the planning and development of rural urbanization and hinders the construction of small towns in rural areas. (D) unfair distribution of economic benefits in the process of land development and circulation. (5) It is difficult to guarantee the livelihood of farmers who have completely lost their land due to land expropriation. Therefore, solving the problems of land ownership, use right and contract right, changing "land equalization system" into "contract system" and realizing the leap from "fairness" to "efficiency" in land management are the "nodes" of agricultural industrialization development in the new period. The basic idea of establishing the circulation mechanism of land use right is: under the premise of not changing the original land ownership, converting land into shares at a discount, converting farmers' land management rights into land income rights, and converting land management from physical form to value form, so as to convert land income and distribution into shares, thus ensuring farmers' income from contracting land. Through joint-stock cooperatives (township collective economic entities and agricultural companies), ownership and disposal rights are separated, collective land ownership remains unchanged, land disposal rights are in the hands of joint-stock cooperatives, and income rights are in the hands of farmers, thus realizing the separation of land "three rights", making land centralized, mobile and rationally planned and utilized in joint-stock cooperatives or in a larger scope, and allocating land resources in a larger scope and at a higher starting point. Agriculture can also move from extensive management to intensive management, from small production to large market.