According to Wang Yanling, the chairman of Qinghai Rural Credit Cooperatives, due to factors such as policy, history and operation, Qinghai Rural Credit Cooperatives have produced a large number of non-performing assets and losses for a long time.
Wang Yanling said that rural credit cooperatives were managed by Agricultural Bank of China, People's Bank of China and Banking Regulatory Bureau for a period of time. Due to the lack of continuity in management, it is inevitable that there will be some messy situations. At the end of 1996, at the beginning of decoupling between rural credit cooperatives and agricultural bank, agricultural bank passed on some non-performing assets to credit cooperatives in various ways, and the creditor's rights were complicated and difficult to resolve. 1999 or so, according to the approval of the People's Bank of China, all the urban credit cooperatives in Haixi Prefecture, Datong County, Xining City and Haidong District (except Xunhua County) were merged into the local rural credit cooperatives, and a large number of non-performing assets were also merged, most of which were loans to closed and bankrupt small and medium-sized enterprises, causing a lot of financial losses. On 200 1, the People's Bank of China changed eight urban credit cooperatives in Golmud into rural credit cooperatives. In 2005, it withdrew from the market due to a run, which also brought a lot of burdens.
When providing financial support for local government projects, a large number of non-performing loans have been generated. For example, according to the information of rural credit cooperatives in Ping 'an County, in 2002, the government of Ping 'an County implemented the "Education in the West and Education in the East" project and the vegetable basket project, and the credit cooperatives issued loans of100000 yuan to Shagou Village in Shagou Township and Xinzhuang Village in Gucheng Township in Ping 'an County. Because the government's commitment was not in place, the project failed after the completion of the sheepfold, and the existing loan of 9 million yuan and interest could not be recovered.
Wang Yanling said that rural credit cooperatives in many developed provinces have developed rapidly due to the strong support of local governments, and they can even compete with the four major state-owned banks for market share. However, the rural credit cooperatives in Qinghai province, located in the poor western provinces, have very limited financial support, which makes it difficult to operate and unable to expand in the face of the huge market demand.
Although from 2005 to the end of 10 in 2008, the rural credit cooperatives in Qinghai Province developed well, with total assets increasing from 5.2 billion yuan to 147 billion yuan, deposit balance increasing from 2.5 billion yuan to 7.7 billion yuan, loan balance increasing from 2.9 billion yuan to 7.6 billion yuan, making profits for three consecutive years and realizing accumulated operating profit of 240 million yuan. Digested by its own profits, the provision of rural credit cooperatives increased from less than10 million yuan to 350 million yuan, with losses of1.10.70 billion yuan over the years and bad debts written off by 25 million yuan. However, due to the heavy historical burden, it is difficult to resolve. The rural credit cooperatives in Qinghai Province still lost more than 70 million yuan over the years, and the non-performing loans were 654.38+03 billion yuan, accounting for 654.38+06.7%. The provision ratio of most credit cooperatives is still below 50%, and the non-performing non-credit assets are 300-500 million yuan, accounting for only 6% of the provincial market share. Meng Jian, chairman of Ping 'an Rural Credit Cooperative, said helplessly, "We need the efforts of several generations to digest the historical burden."
The indigestible non-performing loans and historical losses lead to great business risks of Qinghai Rural Credit Cooperatives, and the risk compensation ability is obviously insufficient. In addition, rural credit cooperatives can only digest historical burdens with profits, which also directly affects the next step of capital increase and share expansion and shareholding system reform.
-unclear grasp of national policies has become the main reason for the current operating difficulties of Qinghai rural credit cooperatives.
In 2005, the People's Bank of China implemented the bill discount policy for rural credit cooperatives nationwide to help them solve the historical burden. Based on the amount of non-performing loans and insolvency in 2002, the People's Bank of China replaced 50% of the bills.
Anning, director of the Banking Regulatory Bureau of Qinghai Province, said that the data of the reform base period at the end of 2002 were seriously distorted because the rural credit cooperatives of counties (cities) in Qinghai took illegal measures such as concealing non-performing loans, making false profits and real losses, making less provision, and increasing the share of deposits, and only got about 2130,000 discount quota for central bank bills, which was the lowest in the country and far below the real level. Most provinces can get tens of billions of dollars.
Wang Yanling said that at least 800 million yuan was understated that year. Missing this round of policy of the People's Bank of China directly leads to a large number of historical burdens of rural credit cooperatives in the past ten years, which has become the main reason for the current difficulties in the operation of Qinghai rural credit cooperatives.
He analyzed the reasons for the data errors in 2002, mainly because the rural credit cooperatives were uncertain about the central policy and were afraid of affecting the performance of the assessment, and adopted ways such as underreporting and concealing as much as possible; On the other hand, rural credit cooperatives were managed by Agricultural Bank of China, People's Bank of China and Banking Regulatory Bureau for a period of time, with complicated personnel, low overall quality, many management loopholes and imperfect systems, so the reported data are not true.
Meng Jian, chairman of Ping 'an Rural Credit Cooperative, said that the real non-performing loans of Ping 'an Rural Credit Cooperative in 2002 were about 27 million yuan, accounting for about 36.2%, but only190,000 yuan was reported at that time, accounting for 24. 1%. On the one hand, under-reporting led to a decrease of about 4.5 million yuan in the discounted amount of bills; On the other hand, bill payment must meet certain conditions, such as a capital adequacy ratio of 4% and a 50% decrease in non-performing loans compared with 2002. However, due to the untrue data in 2002, the actual non-performing loan ratio is much higher than the reported level of 24. 1%, so the non-performing loan ratio must be reduced from 36.2% to 12% before payment can be realized. Nowadays, Ping 'an Rural Credit Cooperatives are caught in an infinite loop, where there is no bill discount, the index is difficult to drop, the index is difficult to drop, and the bill cannot be paid.
At present, the redemption rate of Qinghai Rural Credit Cooperatives is only 47.28%, and many credit cooperatives, like Ping 'an Rural Credit Cooperatives, cannot realize redemption.
-Discriminatory policies restrict the self-development of rural credit cooperatives in Qinghai Province.
In 2004, the Opinions of the General Office of the State Council on Further Deepening the Pilot Reform of Rural Credit Cooperatives (Guo Ban Fa [2004] No.66) clearly stipulated that "the relevant departments and local governments in the State Council should create a good environment for the business development of rural credit cooperatives, cancel unreasonable restrictive policies and regulations, expand the sources of funds for supporting agriculture in rural credit cooperatives, and improve the service level of supporting agriculture." Since the reform pilot was officially launched, various localities and departments have cancelled some discriminatory policies and regulations, with the aim of creating a better external environment for rural credit cooperatives, supporting rural credit cooperatives to solve their burdens as soon as possible and accelerate their development.
However, there are still many discriminatory policies in many industries and departments. For example, housing provident fund, budget funds, project funds, social security funds and other funds are not allowed to open accounts in credit cooperatives, and financial services such as treasury bonds and fund sales cannot be carried out. While social security has entered the countryside in an all-round way, rural credit cooperatives have restrictions on pension and medical insurance services, which restricts the development of rural credit cooperatives.
Meng Jian said that at present, the state encourages residents to obtain property income, but rural credit cooperatives cannot carry out wealth management business. When the stock market was booming last year, a large number of deposits of rural credit cooperatives were lost and they went to the four major state-owned banks to buy funds. Although the stock market is depressed this year, those lost deposits have not come back. These discriminatory policies have led to the emergence of blood-drawing financial markets in many areas of Qinghai. Most of the deposits go to the four major state-owned banks and postal savings for overall use, and rarely go to local governments. Rural credit cooperatives can't get enough sources of deposits and give full play to their role in supporting agriculture. The outflow of funds is extremely unfavorable to the relatively backward areas that need capital development.
Meng Jian introduced that taking Haidong area in Qinghai as an example, from June 5438 to September this year, all financial institutions increased deposits by 654.38+06 billion and loans by 400 million, while rural credit cooperatives only increased deposits by 654.38+02 billion and loans by 260 million, accounting for 65% of all loans. At present, Ping 'an Rural Credit Cooperative mainly relies on 65.438+0.7 billion People's Bank to issue loans, which undoubtedly increases the capital cost and affects the benefits.
In addition, the market access conditions for further deepening the reform of rural credit cooperatives are too high for these backward provinces in Qinghai. In the reform of property rights system, the market access conditions of banking supervision departments are national, and the working practice of credit cooperatives in Qinghai Tibetan areas is not considered. According to the new requirements and regulations of the Implementation Measures of China Banking Regulatory Commission on Administrative Licensing Matters of Rural Small and Medium-sized Financial Institutions (Presidential Decree No.3 of 2008), Qinghai Rural Credit Cooperative faces three thresholds: too high registered capital requirement, too high control ratio of non-performing loans and too high investment and shareholding ratio, which restricts the further development and establishment of rural cooperative banks in counties and cities with good development at present.
-Qinghai Rural Credit Cooperative urgently needs to increase its support.
Economy determines finance, and the economic development of Qinghai Province objectively restricts the rapid development of credit cooperatives. The underdeveloped and unbalanced regional economy has caused the underdeveloped and unbalanced reform and development of rural credit cooperatives in Qinghai. Due to the bad natural conditions and weak regional economic foundation, compared with other financial institutions in the province, Qinghai Rural Credit Cooperative has a slow development speed, a small business scale and insufficient overall development capacity. In this case, it is almost impossible to really "get rid of the burden and go into battle lightly" only by relying on the self-ability of rural credit cooperatives. We also need the support and help of governments at all levels and relevant departments, increase support for rural credit cooperatives, implement preferential policies, and create a better external environment for rural credit cooperatives.
First, it is suggested that on the basis of full investigation, the non-performing assets and losses of rural credit cooperatives in Qinghai Province should be paid in full or in part. Especially at the end of 2002, special policy support was given to the 800 million agricultural non-performing loans that were not truly and objectively reflected.
Second, since Qinghai is the largest Tibetan area except Tibet, it is suggested to give special support to Tibetan areas in Qinghai, such as providing long-term or interest-free loans to support agriculture.
Thirdly, in view of the current situation of social and economic development in Qinghai, the reform of credit cooperatives in Qinghai Province, especially in Tibetan areas, is guided by classified supervision. When establishing rural cooperative banks and rural commercial institutions, give full consideration to the actual work of rural credit cooperatives in Qinghai Province and give special support.
Fourth, explore the establishment of rural loan risk compensation mechanism. Agriculture and animal husbandry in Qinghai is a weak industry with great risks, and rural credit cooperatives, which shoulder the responsibility of supporting agriculture, rural areas and farmers, are even more vulnerable groups in the financial system. Due to the lack of policy and commercial risk compensation channels, all the risks arising therefrom are borne by rural credit cooperatives.
Fifth, it is suggested that the state make appropriate compensation for the losses caused by the credit cooperatives undertaking the task of supporting agriculture by policy. As the main force serving farmers, rural credit cooperatives undertake the task of supporting agriculture by policies to a great extent. The characteristics of policy credit supporting agriculture are high risk and low income, which determines that the possibility of losses is greatly increased, so it is necessary to make appropriate compensation for the losses caused.
-Qinghai rural credit cooperatives still need to practice their internal strength.
Accelerating development and optimizing increment are the fundamental ways to solve historical burdens and other difficulties. To truly realize the development of Qinghai rural credit cooperatives, it is necessary to practice internal strength.
First of all, unswervingly deepen reform, and only by constantly innovating the system can we achieve sustainable development. In the next step, Qinghai Rural Credit Cooperatives should gradually set up a higher-level unified legal person association or rural cooperative banks and rural commercial banks on the basis of the existing unified legal person association with counties and cities as units, and finally transform the whole province into a joint-stock bank.
Secondly, the customers faced by rural credit cooperatives have the characteristics of vulnerable groups, and their financial needs are characterized by dispersion, small scale, asymmetric information and insufficient mortgage. The market risk of agricultural production and the moral risk of farmers are difficult to control. Therefore, we should vigorously promote the construction of "credit users", "credit villages" and "credit towns" that are being actively carried out in some areas of Qinghai, and establish a rural credit system from the aspects of perfecting rural credit education system, credit information collection system, credit evaluation system, credit incentive and restraint mechanism and credit guarantee system. Rural supporting guarantee institutions can be established through local governments or rural professional cooperatives, and a guarantee mechanism for agricultural loans can be established to spread business risks; At the same time, dig deep into all kinds of "credit * * * loan models", establish credit * * * entities with "income * * * risk * * *", and establish effective joint guarantee mechanism and risk dispersion mechanism for its members to obtain credit support.
Thirdly, standardization construction is an important guarantee for the scientific development of rural credit cooperatives, and it is necessary to establish and implement various business and management processes to turn rural credit cooperatives into process banks; Actively introduce the concept of comprehensive risk management of modern banks, establish a comprehensive risk management system, and change passive risk prevention into active risk management. Risk management is not only an organizational responsibility, but also a corporate culture and daily behavior.
Fourth, strengthen communication with government departments, grasp the policy orientation, assist the government in project risk analysis and control, and do not blindly match funds for government projects. Some government projects have a great impetus at the beginning, but the follow-up services in the later period are not in place. The problems encountered by farmers in production are nowhere to be solved, which affects the realization of interests. Farmers complain about the government, which has certain influence on the timely repayment of credit funds of rural credit cooperatives.
Fifth, optimize personnel allocation to meet the post quality requirements of process management; Build a highland of talents and solve the problem of lack of professionals and excellent managers; Implement the right of post responsibility, and clarify the method of linking risk management responsibility with performance; Strict process supervision and effective rewards and punishments; Establish a personnel withdrawal mechanism, comprehensively implement the competition system, and improve the overall quality of the team.