The atmosphere is one of the important environmental factors for human survival and development. However, with the increase of population, frequent human activities and the influence of natural factors, air pollution is serious, so it is our urgent obligation to protect the atmospheric environment.
The environment for human survival consists of natural environment and social environment. The natural environment is the sum of natural conditions and resources necessary for human life and production, that is, the sum of natural factors such as sunshine, temperature, climate, geomagnetism, air, water, rocks, soil, animals and plants, microorganisms and crustal stability. On the other hand, social environment is an artificial environment gradually created and established by human beings in order to continuously improve their material and spiritual living standards through long-term planned and purposeful development. Social environment is the symbol of the development of human material civilization and spiritual civilization, and it is constantly changing with the development of economy and science and technology. The quality of social environment has a great influence on human life, work and social progress.
The earth's surface is covered with an atmosphere composed of many gases, which is called the atmosphere. Generally speaking, the atmosphere that rotates with the earth is called the atmosphere. Due to the uneven distribution of air quality in the atmosphere, the atmosphere from the earth's surface to 1000- 1400 km is usually called atmospheric thickness.
The temperature, composition and physical properties of the atmosphere in the vertical direction are also uneven. According to the vertical distribution of atmospheric temperature, the atmosphere can be divided into five layers: (1) troposphere: the troposphere is the layer closest to the ground in the atmosphere, which has two characteristics: the temperature decreases with the increase of height, and the air has strong convection movement; (2) Stratosphere: The atmosphere above the top of the troposphere is the stratosphere, and its upper boundary extends to about 55 kilometers. (3) Mesosphere: The atmosphere from the top of the stratosphere to a height of 85 kilometers is called the mesosphere. (4) Warm layer: The warm layer is located at a height of 85-800 kilometers. (5) Escape layer: the warm layer above the top of the atmosphere, collectively referred to as escape layer. If the atmospheric structure is divided according to the air composition, the atmosphere can be divided into uniform layer and heterogeneous layer.
The atmosphere is a mixed gas composed of many components, which usually includes the following parts: (1) dry and clean air: its main components are nitrogen, oxygen and argon, and their total volume in the air accounts for about 99.96%. In addition, there are a few other components, such as carbon dioxide, neon, helium, ozone and so on. Clean air is a constant component in the atmosphere. (2) Water vapor: The content of water vapor in the atmosphere is relatively low, but it varies greatly with time, region and meteorological conditions, ranging from as low as 0.02% in arid areas to as high as 6% in warm wetlands. Water vapor plays an important role in the weather. (3) Suspended particles: Suspended particles refer to particles produced by natural factors, such as rock weathering, volcanic eruption, falling objects in the universe and seawater splashing. No matter its content, type or chemical composition, it will change. Air pollution usually refers to the phenomenon that a substance enters the atmosphere due to human activities and natural processes, showing sufficient concentration and reaching sufficient time, thus endangering human comfort, health and welfare or endangering the environment. According to the scope of pollution, air pollution can be divided into local air pollution, regional air pollution, wide-area air pollution and global air pollution. Fuel combustion is the main cause of air pollution; The large-scale development of petroleum industry and chemical industry has also increased the types and quantities of pollutants in the air; In agriculture, the air pollution caused by the spraying of various pesticides is also a problem that cannot be ignored.
1 Health hazards of air pollution
Air is necessary for human survival, and the pollution of air by various harmful substances will directly or indirectly affect people's health. Air pollution is produced with the development of modern industry, the density of urban population and the rapid growth of coal and petroleum fuel. In the past hundred years, air pollution incidents in industrialized countries such as Western Europe, the United States and Japan have increased day by day, and the 1950s and 1960s became a period of widespread public hazards. For example, the smog in London, the asthma in Japan, the smog in Los Angeles, and the Bhopal gas leak in India not only seriously endangered the health of residents, but even caused hundreds or thousands of deaths.
2 air pollution prevention and control strategies and measures
The basic strategy should be monitoring-intervention-evaluation. Step 1, by monitoring environmental pollution and people's health; The second step is to formulate countermeasures and intervene and manage the problems; The third step is to evaluate the intervention effect, and then take corresponding measures for the problems found. Therefore ... "";
Question 2: The 4000-word 2 1 century bell about air pollution has rung. Looking back on the 20th century, China's economy has made great progress and the level of productivity has been greatly improved. However, the improvement of productivity in the traditional mode has promoted economic growth and brought profits to enterprises, but at the same time, it has also made our earth home riddled with holes and overwhelmed. From 65438 to 0987, the World Commission on Environment and Development published a long report entitled "Our Common Future". The report puts forward the definition of "sustainable development" for the first time, that is, "development that not only meets the needs of contemporary people, but also does not harm the ability of future generations to meet needs".
Keywords: * * Shijiazhuang air pollution behavior countermeasures
One. summary
The bell of 2 1 century has rung. Looking back on the 20th century, China's economy has made great progress and the level of productivity has been greatly improved. However, the improvement of productivity in the traditional mode has promoted economic growth and brought profits to enterprises, but at the same time, it has also made our earth home riddled with holes and overwhelmed.
From 65438 to 0987, the World Commission on Environment and Development published a long report entitled "Our Common Future". The report puts forward the definition of "sustainable development" for the first time, that is, "development that not only meets the needs of contemporary people, but also does not harm the ability of future generations to meet needs". This definition clearly expresses two basic views:
Human beings should develop, especially in poor areas;
Development should be limited, and it should not endanger the development of future generations.
Shijiazhuang is a new modern industrial city in northern China and the political, economic, cultural and scientific center of Hebei Province. Total area 15848 square kilometers, with a total population of 8.45 million. The traffic is developed, and Beijing-Guangzhou, Shitai and Shide railways meet with Beijing-Shenzhen, Shigang and Shitai expressways. In recent years, Shijiazhuang's industry has developed rapidly and people's living standards have improved significantly. However, the rapid economic growth has brought serious environmental problems. It is he who has become a famous environmental pollution city in China. Among them, air pollution is the most prominent: especially after the wind reaches a certain level, dust flies all over the sky and wreaks havoc, and some areas are flooded with garbage.
Second, the analysis of air pollution status and causes in Shijiazhuang City
1. 1 air pollution in Shijiazhuang.
In recent years, with the development of urban industry, air pollution has become increasingly serious and air quality has further deteriorated. April 1 1 This week's air quality test by Hebei Environmental Monitoring Station shows that the primary pollutant in Shijiazhuang is inhalable particulate matter (PM 10). Because they are small in diameter and mixed with bacteria, they can be inhaled by human body and cause diseases. At the same time, because they are light and not suitable for settlement, they always float in the air, and the sun shines on these tiny dust, which is absorbed or scattered, causing the sky to look gray and the visibility to drop obviously. Dust pollution is also very serious, especially after the rain, which is more intuitive. The windshield of the car is covered with mud, even the glasses are covered with mud. Due to poor garbage disposal in a few areas, piles of garbage rot on the ground. When the wind blows, a stench comes to the nose, which makes people feel sick. The waste water and waste gas discharged from factories also affect air pollution to varying degrees, which brings serious inconvenience to the work and life of citizens.
Cause analysis of air pollution in Shijiazhuang 1.2
1.2. 1 Terrain and climate factors are the basic reasons that affect the air quality in Shijiazhuang.
Shijiazhuang is located in the south-central part of Hebei Province, with Taihang Mountain in the west and vast North China Plain in the east, south and north. At the same time, Shijiazhuang has a temperate continental monsoon climate with four distinct seasons, which is characterized by cold and little snow in winter, dry and windy in spring, hot and rainy in summer and sunny and cool in autumn. These special geographical and climatic factors make the air pollution in Shijiazhuang face severe challenges. Affected by the southeast wind, pollutants such as inhalable particles over Shijiazhuang moved westward with the wind, and turned east to return to the original place after being blocked by Taihang Mountain. Similarly, when the northwest wind blows, due to the huge barrier of Taihang Mountain, the northwest wind is intercepted in Shanxi, and some pollutants cannot be blown away, so they can only stay over Shijiazhuang.
1.2.2 Urban construction is an important reason that affects air quality in Shijiazhuang.
Shijiazhuang gas national air pollution source questionnaire
According to the classified statistical analysis of major air pollution, its main sources can be summarized as three aspects: (1) fuel combustion (2) industrial production process (3) transportation and so on. According to statistics, the air pollution caused by the above three aspects accounts for 70%, 20% and 10% respectively. In the combustion of direct fuel, combustion exhaust gas gt;
Question 3: Are there any papers on air pollution? Analysis of air pollution control in China.
China pays more and more attention to air pollution control, but there are still some problems such as air pollution control needs to be strengthened, control technology needs to be improved, and public participation is not effective. It is necessary to further strengthen the air pollution control in China by improving relevant laws and regulations, improving control technology capabilities and strengthening public participation.
Keywords: air pollution; Governance technology; Regional collaborative governance; Public participation; Identification code of environmental protection document: a
China Library Classification Number: X832 Article Number:1009-2374 (2016) 22-0082-02 doi:10.13535/jki. 1 1-40。
1 Present situation of air pollution control in China
In recent years, with the rapid development of economy and the improvement of urbanization level, the air pollution problem in China has become increasingly prominent, which has aroused great attention from * * * and widespread public concern. In the rapid development of urbanization and industrialization, the production mode with high pollution and high energy consumption is one of the reasons for urban air pollution. China has taken a series of measures and issued relevant policies and regulations to control air pollution. 201September the State Council approved the Emergency Plan for Prevention and Control of Air Pollution in Key Areas (for Trial Implementation), and the State Council issued the Action Plan for Prevention and Control of Air Pollution on 201March September. On June 65, 438+06 +438+01October 65, the newly revised Law on the Prevention and Control of Air Pollution extensively solicited opinions from all walks of life during the revision process, and made clearer and stricter provisions on pollutant discharge. Through the implementation of some policies such as energy saving and emission reduction and new energy application, air pollution has been controlled to a certain extent and air quality has improved, but there are still some problems.
2 air pollution control issues
2. 1 air pollution control needs to be strengthened.
* * * Various measures have been taken to control air pollution, but there are still some imperfections in the relevant laws, regulations and incentive policies for air pollution control. A perfect air pollution control system can mobilize all parties to cooperate and control together, but the legal system is not perfect and the binding force on all parties is not enough. In recent years, China has promulgated a series of laws and regulations on the prevention and control of air pollution, stipulating the prevention and control standards, planning for reaching the standards and supervision and management of air pollution prevention and control. However, the laws and regulations related to air pollution in China still need to be improved, expanded and revised. At present, the legal system of air pollution control is not perfect enough, which brings certain difficulties to the actual law enforcement process. At present, the punishment for illegal discharge is mainly administrative law enforcement, fines and other means, and there is no long-term restraint mechanism. In addition, the incentive mechanism of enterprises' independent energy conservation and emission reduction is not perfect. Enterprises can be encouraged to control air pollution through taxation, loans and * * * procurement. However, the current pollution control mechanism based on economy in China is not perfect, and enterprises lack the motivation to reduce pollution from the internal technical level. At present, * * has begun to try regional joint prevention and control in air pollution control. The mobility of air between regions also brings difficulties to the supervision and management of air pollution. Through the cooperation between * * *, the construction of major environmental protection-related projects in the region will be planned in a unified way, and the air pollution incidents in the region will be jointly enforced, and the coordinated control of air pollution in the region will be realized through the cooperation between * * *. The coordinated control of air pollution is still in its infancy, and the division of powers and responsibilities between local governments should be guaranteed by relevant laws, and a reasonable institutional system should be established to promote joint prevention and control of regional air pollution.
2.2 governance technology needs to be improved.
Controlling air pollution needs technical support, and advanced and effective air detection technology is needed to monitor air quality indicators in time. At present, the detection of air pollution is often limited by the level of capital and technology, and the most advanced and time-saving equipment and technology are not adopted, which affects the timeliness of detection and is not conducive to law enforcement departments to take timely measures to deal with illegal emissions.
The control and improvement of air pollution not only needs external supervision, but also needs the improvement of internal technology of enterprises. Through advanced technology, the utilization rate of materials and the ability to treat waste gas can be improved, and enterprises can save energy and reduce emissions. This requires enterprises to invest a lot of time and manpower in technology research and development, and at the same time, technology research and development, the introduction of foreign advanced waste gas treatment technology and the absorption of outstanding scientific research talents all need a lot of financial support. Some small and medium-sized enterprises are relatively large ... ";
Question 4: Ask for a paper on atmospheric environmental pollution (good) Abstract: The bell of 2 1 century has rung. Looking back on the 20th century, China's economy has made great progress and the level of productivity has been greatly improved. However, the improvement of productivity in the traditional mode has promoted economic growth and brought profits to enterprises, but at the same time, it has also made our earth home riddled with holes and overwhelmed. From 65438 to 0987, the World Commission on Environment and Development published a long report entitled "Our Common Future". The report puts forward the definition of "sustainable development" for the first time, that is, "development that not only meets the needs of contemporary people, but also does not harm the ability of future generations to meet needs". Keywords: analysis of the causes of air pollution in Shijiazhuang * * * Behavior countermeasures 1. The bell of 2 1 century has rung. Looking back on the 20th century, China's economy has made great progress and the level of productivity has been greatly improved. However, the improvement of productivity in the traditional mode has promoted economic growth and brought profits to enterprises, but at the same time, it has also made our earth home riddled with holes and overwhelmed. From 65438 to 0987, the World Commission on Environment and Development published a long report entitled "Our Common Future". The report puts forward the definition of "sustainable development" for the first time, that is, "development that not only meets the needs of contemporary people, but also does not harm the ability of future generations to meet needs". This definition clearly expresses two basic views: human beings want to develop, especially in poor areas; Development should be limited, and it should not endanger the development of future generations. Shijiazhuang is a new modern industrial city in northern China and the political, economic, cultural and scientific center of Hebei Province. Total area 15848 square kilometers, with a total population of 8.45 million. The traffic is developed, and Beijing-Guangzhou, Shitai and Shide railways meet with Beijing-Shenzhen, Shigang and Shitai expressways. In recent years, Shijiazhuang's industry has developed rapidly and people's living standards have improved significantly. However, the rapid economic growth has brought serious environmental problems. It is he who has become a famous environmental pollution city in China. Among them, air pollution is the most prominent: especially after the wind reaches a certain level, dust flies all over the sky and wreaks havoc, and some areas are flooded with garbage. Ii. Present Situation and Cause Analysis of Air Pollution in Shijiazhuang 1. 1 Present Situation of Air Pollution in Shijiazhuang In recent years, with the development of urban industry, air pollution has become increasingly serious and air quality has further deteriorated. April 1 1 This week's air quality test by Hebei Environmental Monitoring Station shows that the primary pollutant in Shijiazhuang is inhalable particulate matter (PM 10). Because they are small in diameter and mixed with bacteria, they can be inhaled by human body and cause diseases. At the same time, because they are light and not suitable for settlement, they always float in the air, and the sun shines on these tiny dust, which is absorbed or scattered, causing the sky to look gray and the visibility to drop obviously. Dust pollution is also very serious, especially after the rain, which is more intuitive. The windshield of the car is covered with mud, even the glasses are covered with mud. Due to poor garbage disposal in a few areas, piles of garbage rot on the ground. When the wind blows, a stench comes to the nose, which makes people feel sick. The waste water and waste gas discharged from factories also affect air pollution to varying degrees, which brings serious inconvenience to the work and life of citizens. 1.2 Analysis of the causes of air pollution in Shijiazhuang 1.2. 1 Terrain and climate factors are the basic reasons that affect the air quality in Shijiazhuang. Shijiazhuang is located in the south-central part of Hebei Province, with Taihang Mountain in the west and vast North China Plain in the east, south and north. At the same time, Shijiazhuang has a temperate continental monsoon climate with four distinct seasons, which is characterized by cold and little snow in winter, dry and windy in spring, hot and rainy in summer and sunny and cool in autumn. These special geographical and climatic factors make the air pollution in Shijiazhuang face severe challenges. Affected by the southeast wind, pollutants such as inhalable particles over Shijiazhuang moved westward with the wind, and turned east to return to the original place after being blocked by Taihang Mountain. Similarly, when the northwest wind blows, due to the huge barrier of Taihang Mountain, the northwest wind is intercepted in Shanxi, and some pollutants cannot be blown away, so they can only stay over Shijiazhuang. 1.2.2 Urban construction is an important reason that affects air quality in Shijiazhuang. According to the classification and statistical analysis of major air pollution, the main sources can be summarized into three aspects: (1) fuel combustion (2) industrial production process (3) transportation and so on. According to statistics, the air pollution caused by the above three aspects accounts for 70%, 20% and 10% respectively. In the combustion of direct fuel, the amount of air pollutants emitted by combustion accounts for about 96% of the total fuel combustion emissions, including coal combustion. & gt
Question 5: Does Baidu have an English version? I don't know,
It seems that Baidu's goal is to concentrate on Chinese, so it is estimated that there will be no English version for a long time to come.