Research on the Problems and Countermeasures Facing the Construction of New Socialist Rural Areas

Abstract: The issues of agriculture, rural areas, and farmers are the focus of government attention and the focus of scholars' research. The first step of China's reform originated from "agriculture, rural areas and farmers". It is obvious that China's future success or failure will also depend on "agriculture, rural areas and farmers". In a large country, agriculture is the foundation. Only when the "fundamental" problems are solved can it be the most thorough, the most valuable, and the most revolutionary.

In April 2006, the National Development and Reform Commission issued an order to conduct research on major rural economic issues. According to the research topics assigned by the National Development and Reform Commission, the author conducted targeted research in rural areas of Xiangtan County and used Xiangtan County The relevant research results of the grassroots office of the county party committee, the political research office of the county party committee and the economic research office of Xiangtan County Government formed a comprehensive research report.

The survey results show that: the weak village-level collective economy, the inability to increase farmers' income, lagging village construction planning and the lack of a long-term investment mechanism have become the four major problems facing my country's current new rural construction. The main factors affecting the construction of a new socialist countryside are policy imbalances, institutional obstacles, and urban-rural gaps that are contrary to "industry feeds agriculture, and cities drive rural areas." In order to achieve the great goal of building a new socialist countryside, the author believes that we should do a good job in five aspects of the article: 1. Use the concept of industrialization to achieve economic reconstruction in production development - research on rural cooperative economic organizations; 2. Use industrialization to live a prosperous life The layout to achieve social reconstruction--a study on increasing farmers' income; 3. Rural civilization and civilization using market-oriented thinking to achieve system reconstruction--a study on the rural social security system; 4. Village appearance and tidyness using urbanization strategies to achieve ecological reconstruction--a study on Research on rural environmental pollution; 5. Democracy in management uses scientific and technological means to achieve cultural reconstruction - Research on the construction of rural grassroots organizations

Keywords: rural economy, economic development, harmonious development

In the past three years, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China has formulated and issued three No. 1 documents on "agriculture, rural areas and farmers", which have effectively promoted farmers' increase in production and income, improved the comprehensive agricultural production capacity, and created a new situation in the construction of a new socialist countryside. On February 8, 2004, the "Opinions of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council on Several Policies to Promote Farmers' Increased Income" was issued, which is the sixth No. 1 document of the Central Committee since the reform and opening up. The document calls for adjusting the agricultural structure, expanding employment for farmers, accelerating scientific and technological progress, deepening rural reform, increasing agricultural investment, strengthening agricultural support and protection, striving to achieve rapid growth in farmers' income, and reversing the trend of the widening income gap between urban and rural residents as soon as possible.

On January 30, 2005, the "Opinions of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council on Several Policies for Further Strengthening Rural Work and Improving Comprehensive Agricultural Production Capacity" was issued, which is the seventh No. 1 document of the Central Committee since the reform and opening up. . The document requires that we must stabilize, improve and strengthen various supporting agricultural policies, effectively strengthen the construction of comprehensive agricultural production capacity, continue to adjust the agricultural and rural economic structure, further deepen rural reform, strive to achieve a stable increase in grain production, a sustained increase in farmers' income, and promote rural economic and social development. Comprehensive development.

On February 21, 2006, the "Several Opinions of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council on Promoting the Construction of a New Socialist Rural Area" was issued, which is the eighth No. 1 document of the Central Committee since the reform and opening up. The document requires that we must improve and strengthen agricultural support policies, build modern agriculture, stably develop food production, actively adjust the agricultural structure, strengthen infrastructure construction, strengthen rural democratic political construction and spiritual civilization construction, accelerate the development of social undertakings, promote comprehensive rural reform, and promote Farmers' income continues to increase, ensuring a good start in the construction of a new socialist countryside.

One of the difficult problems: Rural debt problem

According to surveys, generally larger administrative villages require about 150,000 yuan in annual rigid expenditures, and there are also many relatively small administrative villages. at 100,000 yuan. However, the current economic status of most villages is not optimistic.

There are several reasons: First, due to policy constraints, enterprise restructuring has cut off income, tax and fee reform has reduced income, and investment attraction has lost income; second, there is little space for economic development, restricted by limited land resources, capital and natural resources; Third, fiscal transfer payments cannot make ends meet, unforeseen expenditures continue to rise, and normal operations are unsustainable. Village-level collectives are often economically weak and have no money for services, which has become a prominent problem in building a new countryside.

1. Analysis of rural debt structure

~~The total liabilities at the county and rural levels are 551.6199 million yuan, of which the township-level debt is 425.8633 million yuan and the village-level debt is 125.7566 million yuan. Its debt structure is as follows:

Divided by causes: A. Debts of 149.9245 million yuan caused by local projects and enterprises, resulting in decision-making errors or losses due to management and market reasons (including 138.141 million yuan at the township level, 138.141 million yuan at the village level, level 11.7835 million) accounted for 27.18. B. Debts caused by welfare services, "universal education", township hospitals and village welfare services construction were 58.5377 million yuan (including 48.1921 million yuan at the township level and 10.3456 million yuan at the village level), accounting for 10.61%. C. Private high-interest loans and completion of various handover tasks resulted in village-level debts of 35.9948 million yuan due to principal and interest (including 24.8472 million yuan at the township level and 11.1476 million yuan at the village level), accounting for 65.3%. D. The debt caused by the construction of rural infrastructure such as township asphalt roads and farmland water conservancy is 49.2201 million yuan (including 30.7066 million yuan at the township level and 18.5135 million yuan at the village level), accounting for 8.92%. E. The historical debt caused by cadre factors due to chaotic financial management at the village level is 13.3554 million yuan (including 9.6814 million yuan at the township level and 3.674 million yuan at the village level), accounting for 2.42%. F. Farmers owed taxes and fees, and the collective debt increased year by year to 106.402 million yuan (including 46.5972 million yuan at the township level and 59.8048 million yuan at the village level), accounting for 19.29%. H. Debt caused by other reasons is 138.1854 million yuan (including 127.6978 million yuan at the township level and 10.4876 million yuan at the village level), accounting for 25.05.

By creditors: A. 201.3179 million yuan is owed to banks, rural credit cooperatives, foundations and other financial institutions (including 176.1446 million yuan at the township level and 25.1733 million yuan at the village level), accounting for 364.9%. B. RMB 34.1882 million is owed to rural project owners (including RMB 27.557 million at the township level and RMB 6.6312 million at the village level), accounting for 6.2%. C. 76.826 million yuan is owed to rural cadres (including 57.6909 million yuan to township cadres and 19.1351 million yuan to village cadres), accounting for 13.93%. D. Rural teachers are owed 25.184 million yuan (including 24.523 million yuan at the township level and 661,000 yuan at the village level), accounting for 4.57%. E. 25.6806 million yuan is owed to private individuals (including 15.3707 million yuan at the township level and 10.3099 million yuan at the village level), accounting for 4.66%. F. Owes 108.8174 million yuan to other economic organizations (including 60.4924 million yuan at the township level and 48.325 million yuan at the village level), accounting for 19.7%. H. Owes 79.6058 million yuan to other creditors (including 64.0847 million yuan at the township level and 15.5211 million yuan at the village level), accounting for 14.42%.

2. Analysis of the causes of rural debt

1. Limited financial resources.

With the implementation of rural political and economic system reforms such as the household contract responsibility system, the withdrawal of districts and villages, rural tax reform, and agricultural tax exemption, village collectives no longer have the right to distribute surplus products and control economic income. Rural collective incomes such as the "unification of three mentions" and agricultural tax surcharges have also disappeared, most of the administrative fee items in Xiangzhen have been cancelled, extra-budgetary income has dropped sharply, and the sources of rural collective income have been gradually drained; due to talent, technology, capital, Due to inherent shortcomings such as lack of market and low degree of enterprise organization, once prosperous township enterprises went bankrupt or reorganized in the 1990s. Each township's annual enterprise management fee income of hundreds of thousands or even millions of yuan suddenly disappeared. From 1988 to 1993, the state implemented a fiscal management system that divided tax types, verified revenue and expenditure, and graded contracts. Local fiscal retention ratios were relatively high, financial management autonomy was greater, and the fiscal situation was relatively comfortable. However, after 1994, the fiscal management system was implemented. Under the tax-sharing system, the only local exclusive taxes are business tax, local enterprise profits, urban land use tax, stamp duty and other small taxes, while local governments only share 25 or 40 of the value-added tax and income tax, severely "shrinking" local financial resources.

2. Rigid expenditures remain high due to bloated institutions and bloated teams. Basic expenditures such as rural secondary wages, lost work allowances, office expenses, and transportation expenses have overwhelmed the rural areas, and policy-based capital increases can only be put on hold. ". Unbudgetable expenses caused by emergencies such as droughts and floods, forest fires, and mining accidents have made the originally tight rural financial resources even more stretched.,

3. The loss of financial resources is serious. After dividing the fields to households, , village-level collective property was divided into pieces; there was a serious loss of state-owned assets in the process of district withdrawal and township annexation and enterprise restructuring; favor tax, relationship tax, and tax collection and management were insufficient, resulting in the inability to fully collect taxes in accordance with national policies; farmers' income increased slowly, , the agricultural tax collection gap is large, the collection of outstanding arrears is difficult, and the collection cost is high; since the implementation of the tax-sharing system, the tax collection tasks of towns and villages for a certain four years must be completed unconditionally, and towns that cannot be completed can only buy taxes at a high price (a handling fee of 20 to 30) or high The rural foundations and mutual savings associations, established in 1994, used high interest rates and dividends to absorb deposits from the beginning, and made large loans in violation of regulations, which directly threatened the financial order. When the state ordered the forced closure in 1999, the township finance department It borrowed 118.1 million yuan from the state to repay farmers' deposits. The rural "two sessions" collection not only caused counties, townships and villages to pay huge collection costs, but also assumed an interest debt of 13.68 million yuan. To date, there are still more than 90 million yuan in non-performing loans. The loan was not recovered.

4. Blind construction investment expanded vigorously. In the early days of reform and opening up, due to the lack of separation between government and enterprises, the government ran enterprises and guaranteed loans for enterprises, so towns and villages had to spend huge sums of money to help enterprises suffer losses. Pay the bill to repay the principal and interest of non-performing loans for enterprises; various standard projects and performance projects waste people and money, causing rural debt to increase sharply; in order to promote the adjustment of the agricultural industry structure, the government uses administrative means to organize farmers to develop new production and operation projects, and signs production guarantee contracts with farmers Poly contract, after the project failed, the government had to pay huge tuition fees for farmers.

5. The budget is not binding and there is serious profligacy and waste. The financial budget reports passed at the township people's congress meetings are often a formality. The township's fiscal expenditures are to demolish the east wall and repair the west wall. There is no budget at all. Second, township fiscal expenditures are often decided by the secretary or township head, regardless of budget or not. Expenditure decisions are not only divorced from the budget, but there is basically no democracy at all, let alone a financial system. Third, financial management at the village level is chaotic. Violations of accounting regulations and disciplinary expenditures at the township level are common. Limited rural financial resources are "ran, risked, dripped, and leaked" seriously, and the snowball of rural debt is getting bigger and bigger. Fourth, the main leaders of townships and towns change frequently (the average term is about 2 years). In the subconscious of the leaders, there is no long-term plan at all. Most of them live by, guard their stalls, and find ways, hoping to escape from the "sea of ??suffering" as soon as possible, and their expenditures are arbitrary. be infinitely magnified. Fifth, there is even less planning for expenditures at the village level. "Wealth is what you get, use it now and don't care how you live tomorrow." This is the financial management method of most village cadres.

In the current rural performance appraisal mechanism, there are many mandatory hard indicators for digitalization, but there are no assessment indicators for administrative costs. Rural cadres have no cost awareness in the administrative process, which objectively encourages wastefulness. Bad habits of waste. For the sake of their own career and reputation, some rural cadres do not hesitate to spend public funds to create false political achievements to put money on their faces. As rural financial resources become increasingly scarce, office expenses, transportation expenses, communication expenses, and official reception expenses are rising steadily. Eating and drinking has become a common practice, and treating guests and giving gifts at public expense has become increasingly popular. In the consumption of public funds, there is a focus on pomp, class, and comparison with each other. The burden of debt is getting heavier and heavier, and the masses are complaining.

3. Analysis of the Impact of Rural Debt

The huge amount of rural debt has a huge negative impact on the operation of grassroots organizations and the stability of rural society.

1. It is an important inducement for illegal administration. When an imbalance of income and expenditure occurs in rural areas, the first thing that rural cadres think of is to use administrative resources to collect various fees from administrative counterparts. Therefore, the "three chaos" in rural areas continue to be dealt with for a long time; in order to make up for the lack of work funds, both rural levels are keen to They illegally requisitioned land for construction and obtained 20-30% of profits through land speculation; due to tight funds, government agencies and cadres were driven to adopt various covert means to run businesses; in order to ensure normal operation, rural cadres did everything possible to find ways to Under the guise of project construction, they used abnormal channels and adopted abnormal means to win support from superiors to make up for the lack of work funds.

2. Directly affects the party’s ability to govern. The economic base determines the superstructure. The heavy debt burden puts the main rural leaders in a state of "borrowing new debts, paying off old debts, and avoiding debt collection" all day long, which affects their energy in planning economic development; the salary of cadres in Xiangtan County is only 1/1 of that in ~~ City. 2. 1/3 of Changsha City, and it cannot be distributed on time. In order to advance taxes and work expenses, rural cadres each hold "white notes" of several thousand, tens of thousands, or even more than 100,000 yuan in their hands, and there is no deadline to pay them back. Thousands of people in the countryside are distracted and demoralized; facing the Rural infrastructure that is severely deficient in stock and increment and is forced to run overload due to disease, and social and public welfare facilities that urgently need to be improved, are unable to transform and construct rural secondary areas, and the disconnect between supply and demand of rural public goods is even more serious; due to the lack of Sufficient funding is guaranteed, and it is common for limited agricultural technology extension funds and education funds to be misappropriated by rural areas, which directly affects agricultural technology promotion and rural basic education. The heavy debt burden has caused difficulties in the secondary operation of rural areas and the public service functions have been difficult to perform normally, which will inevitably affect the party's ability to govern. At the same time, due to insufficient public investment, it has also directly restricted the development of agriculture and rural economy. Influence farmers to increase their income and become rich.

3. It damages the image of the party and the government among the masses. Huge rural debts have made township governments and village committees the largest debtors in rural areas. Internally, they owe rural cadres’ wages and private expenses from public funds. Externally, they owe as much as loans from financial institutions and project fees from construction units, as small as water and electricity bills, freight, meals, and office supplies. And under the current situation, Rural areas simply do not have the ability to repay, so they can only adopt response strategies of delaying and hiding whenever possible, which greatly reduces social credibility. In order to get back their debts as soon as possible, creditors had no choice but to pester rural cadres endlessly, besieging cadres' homes and rural residences, blocking school gates, and forcibly removing farm tools and office supplies, which made rural cadres infamous. , unable to carry out work.

Problem No. 2: The problem of increasing farmers’ income

In recent years, the country has implemented a series of policies that benefit farmers to increase farmers’ income. However, due to various factors, it is still very difficult for farmers to increase their income. The prosperity of farmers is the fundamental purpose of building a new socialist countryside, and the difficulty of increasing income has become a major challenge in the construction of a new countryside.

First of all, it is difficult to increase income in the farming industry. Agriculture's ability to withstand market risks and natural disasters is very weak, and income growth is highly unstable. Although the state has implemented grain-growing subsidies for farmers, the prices of production materials and machinery operating fees have continued to rise, which has virtually increased production costs, making it difficult for farmers to increase their income in the planting and breeding industry. Second, it is difficult to promote industrialization. Agricultural industrialization has developed to a certain extent in recent years, but the overall competitiveness of agriculture is still not strong. The degree of organization for farmers to enter the market is not high enough, and the increase in farmers' income is not obvious.

Models such as companies plus farmers and associations plus farmers have not brought much benefit to farmers' income. A close interest linkage mechanism has not yet been formed between companies, associations and farmers, and farmers have hardly benefited from or increased their income from secondary distribution by enterprises or associations. Some places treat cooperative economic organizations or associations as ordinary enterprises, some treat them as social groups, and some places do not have appropriate status at all. This chaotic situation makes farmers' cooperative economic organizations face difficulties in many aspects such as loans, taxes, and insurance, seriously hampering their development. Third, it is difficult to increase income through transfer. As the proportion of rural labor force transferred to the secondary and tertiary industries increases year by year, the number of labor force who go out to work and transfer locally is huge. However, due to low overall quality, most of the labor force is still engaged in low-income jobs. Technical and skilled labor transfer The output is very small and it is impossible to obtain higher income, and the growth of farmers' wage income is suppressed. Fourth, it is difficult to increase policy-based income. Since 2005, the state has abolished agricultural taxes and surcharges. The "one exemption and three subsidies" policy has increased farmers' enthusiasm for farming. However, the space for farmers to rely on the policy to increase income is also shrinking, and there are no more ways.

1. Implementation of agricultural policies

Before the tax reform in 2001, the tax burden of farmers in ~~ County was: agricultural tax 28,404,509 yuan, agricultural specialty tax 5,160,000 yuan, pigs The slaughter tax is 1,352,700 yuan, the township coordination is 47,604,645 yuan, the village retains 18,886,556 yuan, and the government is 101,408,410 yuan. The burden per person is 98 yuan, and the burden per mu (calculated based on taxable area) is 108 yuan. Some temporary assessments and ride charges (approximately more than 30 yuan/person) have not been included.

During the tax reform in 2002, Xiangtan County reduced a number of unreasonable taxable areas, reasonably determined the taxable output, canceled the agricultural specialty tax, pig slaughter tax and "five unifications and three mentions", and unified agricultural taxes and fees. The category specifications are agricultural tax and agricultural tax surcharge. In 2002 and 2003, due to tax reform, farmers' burden was reduced by about 30 yuan/mu.

In 2004, the agricultural tax rate was reduced from 7 to 4. The total agricultural tax and surcharges in the county were 33.04 million yuan, with a per capita burden of 31.98 yuan and a per mu burden of 35.30 yuan, a decrease of 67.42 compared with 2001. In 2005, agricultural taxes were completely exempted, and the county is expected to be exempted from agricultural taxes of 60.464 million yuan. Since then, farmers have been completely liberated from the shackles of tax burdens.

From 2003 to 2004, ~~ County *** reduced agricultural taxes by 101.164 million yuan and received an equal amount of special transfer payments from superior finance.

From 2002 to 2004, the ~~ County Government provided agricultural tax relief of 21.637 million yuan to disaster-stricken cooperatives, focusing on farmers in poor village groups, households with five guarantees, families of martyrs, disabled people, disaster-stricken people and reservoirs needy people in the reservoir area.

In 2004, ~~ County strictly implemented national policies and issued direct subsidy funds of 9.7 million yuan and grain subsidy funds of 15.444 million yuan, which directly increased farmers' income by 25.144 million yuan and per capita income by 24.51 yuan.

2. Income of farmers in the county from 2000 to 2004

<1> Changes in the total per capita net income of farmers and its composition.

The per capita net income of farmers increased from 2,644 yuan in 2000 to 3,681 yuan in 2004, an increase of 1,037 yuan in 5 years, an increase of 39.2, and an average annual increase of 8.62.

The annual growth of farmers' per capita net income from 2000 to 2004 was extremely uneven (in 2000 it increased by 3.97 compared with 1999, in 2001 it increased by 5.3 compared with 20001, in 2002 it increased by 5.7 compared with 2001, and in 2003 The annual increase was 7.5 compared with 2002, and the increase in 2004 was 16.3 compared with 2003). Although farmers' income has risen steadily over the past five years, the annual growth rate has been lower than the average annual growth rate of 8.62 in four years; its growth pattern has strong stages and obvious jumps. The first four years were a low-speed period, and the annual growth rate was lower than the average annual growth rate of 8.62. The average growth rate was only 6.17, and 2004 was a period of rapid growth, with an increase of 516 yuan compared with 2003. The growth rate was 16.3%, surpassing the growth of urban residents’ net income by 5.3 percentage points for the first time.

Without the support of rapid growth in 2004, it would have been impossible to achieve an average annual growth rate of 8.62.

In the past five years, the composition of farmers’ net income has been basically stable. Household business income accounted for 60.78%, and the increase or decrease in the five years was stable between 58 and 2.5; wage income accounted for 36.19, and the increase or decrease in the five years was stable between 34.3 and 38.9; property income and transfer income only accounted for 0.87 ,2.16. In 2004, the total agricultural output value of Xiangtan County was 4.43 billion yuan, the agricultural added value was 2.521 billion yuan, the grain planting area was 1.874 million acres, the total grain output was 857,200 tons, 2.3449 million pigs were slaughtered, and the per capita net income of farmers was 3,681 yuan, which was higher than that of the previous year. Growth was 8.6, 8.5, 17.3, 14.7, 8.4, 16.3. The above data shows that with the promulgation and implementation of a series of policies to support agriculture and support agriculture with the core of "giving more, taking less, and letting go", agriculture and rural areas have achieved a good situation that has been rare in many years. Grain production has improved in the short term. Restorative growth has been achieved, agricultural products have been harvested across the board, and agricultural efficiency has improved significantly. In particular, farmers' income growth has exceeded that of urban residents for the first time, becoming one of the biggest highlights of the county economy, especially the county economy of large agricultural counties, under national macro-control.

<2> Main characteristics of farmers’ income growth

1. The growth of farmers’ income still depends on family business income and wage income, and the sources of income are still narrow.

2. Farmers’ income growth is closely linked to national policies. The rapid growth of farmers’ income in 2004 was mainly due to policy effects. The exemption of agricultural taxes not only reduces the burden on farmers, but more importantly, it eradicates the chronic problem of arbitrary charging in rural areas from the source, making various cleverly named ride-hailing charges lose their dependence. The majority of farmers cheer and applaud. Direct subsidies and good supplies have provided farmers with a stable policy-based income-increasing channel. Burden reduction and income increase have freed farmers from the long-term vicious cycle of "high burden and low income".

3. The growth rate of farmers’ income has been hovering at a low level for a long time. Taking 2000 to 2004 as an example, the average annual growth rate was only 8.62. Among them, the growth rate in 2000 was only 3.97 compared with 1999, the growth rate in 2001 was 5.3, and the growth rate in 2002 was 5.7. Excluding the factors of price increases, farmers' income growth was stagnant or negative from 2000 to 2003.

4. The internal differentiation of farmers’ income is increasingly intensifying. In 2003, we investigated the income of 50 rural households in 20 villages in 8 towns. The average household income was 8,400 yuan. Among them, 17 households, accounting for 34%, had an annual income of more than 10,000 yuan; 26 households had an annual income of 5,000 to 10,000 yuan, accounting for 34%. 52; 5 households with an annual income of 1,000 to 5,000 yuan, accounting for 10; 2 households with an annual income of less than 1,000 yuan, accounting for 4.

3. Factors affecting farmers’ income growth

1. The space for farmers to increase their income is very limited. Since 1998, in addition to policy and other factors, another important factor is that after more than 10 years of family operation, rural productivity and production efficiency per unit land area have been maximized. In the new economic system, the reason for the continued low income of farmers has been Before the emergence of , industrial structure, and production and operation models, agricultural production and farmers' income increase will inevitably enter a "dormant period." The increase in production, income, and efficiency in 2004 was due to good policies, a prosperous market, people's efforts, and God's help. The guiding effect of policies and the stimulating effect of the market have once again been exerted to the extreme. It is necessary to maintain the good development trend in 2004. It’s not easy. It’s conceivable how difficult it is to seek new developments and breakthroughs.

In 2004, crop output and prices were also close to their peaks. Relying on increasing yields and increasing market prices to increase income was obviously a serious lack of "memory". In the international context of the continuous concentration of world agricultural production and trade, the monopoly operation of global agricultural trade, developed countries' huge domestic subsidies for agricultural products and the establishment of green barriers to the import of agricultural products from other countries, the market competitiveness of China's agricultural products is not strong.

In 2004, the average tariff on my country's agricultural products dropped from 45 to 17, and the tariffs on many agricultural products were generally reduced by 20-30. The market price of international agricultural products in China will also drop by 20-30, putting pressure on agricultural product prices to fall. getting bigger and bigger. The small-scale production of each household can no longer withstand the impact of large international and domestic markets, and domestic agricultural product production and processing enterprises are facing new tests and challenges.

As we entered the Year of the Rooster, agricultural product prices encountered a "cold wave". First, the price of rice fell by 5 to 8 yuan/50kg compared with 2004, and then the price of livestock and pigs plummeted from late April to late May. The price of good miscellaneous pigs dropped from 10.2 yuan/kg last year to 8.4 yuan/kg, and the price of good pigs dropped from 11 yuan/kg last year to 8.4 yuan/kg. After a month of low prices, the price of livestock pigs hit the bottom. It rebounded from the bottom and rose slightly, but still did not return to the price level of 2004. Wage income has become the "start-up platform" for farmers' income. Affected by the continued rapid growth of the national economy and the relatively large number of employment opportunities, especially the strong growth of industries such as urban construction and manufacturing that have a large demand for migrant workers, migrant workers have relatively more opportunities to go out to find work. The rapid development of the local economy will also provide a certain number of jobs for the local transfer of rural labor. It is estimated that in recent years, wage income will become the most important contributor to farmers' income growth. However, from a development perspective, the labor economy also faces many constraints. First, competition is becoming increasingly fierce. There are 4.2 billion rural labor force in the country. The labor demand of agriculture itself is only 170 million. There are still 310 million rural surplus labor force. Together with the laid-off and unemployed workers and newly employed people in cities and towns, the carrying capacity of cities is relatively limited. Second, with the continuous improvement of industrialization, the demand for labor is getting smaller and smaller. Third, the supply of labor exceeds demand, and the quality requirements for workers are getting higher and higher, and the wages of manual workers will become lower and lower. Fourth, the labor economy in Xiangtan County is still a spontaneous economy with loose management and low degree of organization. If it is not paid great attention to, it may lose part of the labor export market.

2. The risk factor for farmers to increase their income is high. The countryside is a huge "open-air factory". In a sense, farmers are "depending on the sky for food." At present, our country has not yet established an agricultural risk relief mechanism. When a natural disaster occurs, farmers can only look at the sky and sigh. Since the reform and opening up, the national economy has achieved extraordinary rapid development, and the pressure on resources and the environment has also increased day by day. As we all know, environmental pollution, water loss, ecological imbalance, and resource shortages caused by over-development and blind expansion will inevitably lead to climate abnormalities, frequent natural disasters, and increasing risks for farmers to increase their income.

3. Farmers have very limited autonomy in increasing their income. In the face of increasingly fierce market competition and limited by ideological concepts and cognitive levels, farmers cling to their one-third-acre private land. It is difficult to form a land transfer mechanism that adapts to the laws of the market economy, and it is difficult to adjust the industrial structure. Farming, raising pigs, and working are unlikely to make a quantitative leap or qualitative change in farmers' income, and the motivation to increase income is obviously insufficient.

The price of agricultural products is the "barometer" of agriculture, and the price of agricultural inputs is the "wind vane" of agriculture. Farmers can only passively accept the "second price" unconditionally, and the uncertain factors for farmers to increase their income have increased. Since today, the prices of agricultural products have dropped significantly, but the prices of agricultural inputs have been rising sharply. The retail price of urea (the same below) is 1,950 yuan/ton, an increase of 14.9% year-on-year (the same below); potash fertilizer is 2,200 yuan/ton, an increase of 29.4%; carbon amine 540 yuan/ton, up 17.4; compound fertilizer 1,050 yuan/ton, up 32.9; seeds 9 yuan/kg, up 28.6; agricultural mulch film 14 yuan/kg, up 4; seedling throwing plate 0.65 yuan/piece, up 160; pesticides The average increase is also above 20. Due to the increase in agricultural input prices, farmers' farming costs have increased by more than 50 yuan/acre. Based on the calculation of Xiangtan County’s “two subsidies and one exemption” of 55.72 yuan per person in 2004, the benefits brought by the policy to farmers were fully offset by the increase in agricultural input prices.

Affected by factors such as coal, electricity, oil, transportation shortages and rising raw material prices, there are objective reasons for the rise in agricultural input prices. However, through the phenomenon of price increases, we can still find some deep-seated problems that cannot be ignored.

First, in recent years, public opinion has been biased in promoting agriculture and rural economy. Agriculture and the rural economy have just turned around and improved. Television, newspapers, the Internet and other media have exaggerated the rural situation, one-sided propaganda and exaggerated achievements, and either ignored or downplayed the various problems that still exist, giving Public opinion is misleading that the "three rural" issues have been solved and farmers have become rich. All walks of life, especially agricultural input manufacturers and dealers, are scrambling to share the "cake", paving the way for rising agricultural input prices. Second, farmers are completely at odds with production and management information such as agricultural input production costs and zero margins. Whether prices will increase, why prices will increase, and how much they will increase are all based on the opinions of production companies and dealers. Third, the state has introduced many preferential policies and invested a lot of money in "pre-production" subsidies for agricultural production materials, but the real "benefits" often fall into the hands of production enterprises and dealers. On the one hand, they enjoy the state's industry policy preferences; On the one hand, they complain endlessly, shouting about operating at a loss, and raising the market prices of agricultural inputs again and again. In the end, it is the farmers who are "squeezed".

Problem No. 3: Village and Town Planning Issues

1. Construction Situation of Rural Infrastructure Projects

2. Current Problems with Rural Infrastructure Projects Built Since 1998 Problem

Problem No. 4: Investment mechanism problem

1. Serious loss of financial resources, economic development is restricted by funding "bottlenecks"

2. Difficulty in going to school and seeing a doctor It’s difficult to get a loan, it’s difficult to litigate.

Main reasons: policy imbalance, institutional obstacles, and urban-rural divide

One of the reasons: backward production and operation models and low industrial technological content.

The second reason: weak infrastructure and fragile comprehensive production capacity.

The third reason: township institutions are bloated and the cadre team is huge.

Performance 4: Funds at the rural and rural levels are tight, and grassroots organizations have difficulty operating.

The fifth reason: alienation between the party and the masses and tension between cadres and the masses.

Reasons 6: The social security system is seriously lacking and the export of labor services has caused social problems

Production development uses the concept of industrialization to achieve economic reconstruction

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