But not all the money lent by banks can be recovered normally 100%. Judging from the financial reports of major banks, the bad debt rate of most banks is between 1%-2.5%, and the average bad debt rate of the whole industry is about 1.85%, which means that the balance of non-performing loans of major banks is about 2.8 trillion, which is a scale ratio.
Among these non-performing loans, some may be temporarily overdue and unable to repay, while others become bad debts and cannot be fully recovered.
What will banks do with those bad debts that cannot be repaid and dormant accounts?
In general, from overdue loans to bad debts to dead accounts, banks usually take different methods at different stages.
In the first stage, the customer's overdue time is relatively short, such as within 3 months. The customer's overdue time is relatively short and not serious. At this time, the bank is basically managed by the account manager in charge of customers. They can communicate with customers by phone, text message and door-to-door, hoping that they can repay as soon as possible.
At this stage, the bank account manager will communicate with customers frequently and adopt various methods, both soft and hard, hoping that customers can pay back the money in time.
At this stage, if the customer is willing to repay when it is just overdue, but temporarily unable to repay, the bank may also let the customer postpone the repayment, but the period of deferred repayment is generally not too long.
In the second stage, the overdue time is between 3 months and 6 months. If the customer is overdue for more than 3 months, this situation is more serious and the potential bad debt risk is greater. At this time, banks may have a special collection department to collect bad debts.
However, banks are also formal institutions, which are very different from those lending institutions in society. Even if the bank collection department takes over, the collection method they adopt is very formal. Usually, they don't use violence to collect money, but through litigation and other means.
If the borrower has collateral, the bank will give priority to negotiate with the borrower to repay the bank loan by auction. If the proceeds from the auction of collateral are insufficient to repay the loan, the remaining balance will be recovered by other means.
However, if the borrower does not cooperate in this process, the bank can sue the borrower to the court at any time, and then take compulsory measures through the court, such as freezing bank accounts, sealing up assets, factories and equipment, etc.
Then the court made a judgment. The result of the court decision is nothing more than asking the enterprise to repay the bank loan within the prescribed time limit. If the enterprise fails to repay the bank loan within the prescribed time limit, on the one hand, the bank can apply to the court for compulsory measures to repay the bank loan by auctioning the related assets such as real estate, automobile production, plant, equipment, inventory and raw materials under the borrower's name.
On the other hand, the borrower will be included in the list of untrustworthy people, and then many activities of the borrower will be affected, such as not taking the train, not flying, not going in and out of high-end consumer places, not buying a house, not buying a car, not going to an aristocratic school for children, and not leaving the country personally.
In the third stage, loans overdue lasts more than six months but not more than one year. If the bank loan is still not repaid after the first two stages, such as the borrower has no collateral or the collateral is still insufficient to repay the bank loan after the auction, then in this case, the possibility of overdue for more than 6 months is getting smaller and smaller.
In this context, banks may have different choices.
1 option is to continuously collect money and follow up with customers, hoping that customers can find their own repayment conscience.
The second is to directly package this non-performing asset and other non-performing assets and sell them to some asset management companies, such as the four major state-owned asset management companies and some provincial asset management companies. However, the potential loss of selling non-performing assets is relatively large, and banks generally do not do so unless they have to.
The third option, backdating, is actually illegal, and banks dare not do so publicly. Generally, some responsible persons of banks cooperate privately with some institutions in society. Simply put, someone prepares a set of false information, and then the bank gives the green light to lend money through examination. After the money is released, it can be transferred to companies with bad debts in various ways to let them repay bad debts, which can reduce the bank's non-performing loan ratio. However, the potential risk of this approach is very large. To put it bluntly, it is fraudulent loans. Under normal circumstances, banks dare not do so.
Stage 4, overdue for more than one year. If the quality of customers is so poor that even asset management companies are unwilling to take over, banks can't help it. If the customer fails to repay the bad debts for more than one year, the bank can only write them off as bad debts, and then deduct some funds from the operating profit of that year for write-off.
However, the practice of bad debt write-off is very unfavorable to bank branches, because there are strict bad debt management methods within banks. If the write-off ratio of bad debts is too high, the bonus of branches may be lost and the credit line may be reduced.
As we all know, the most profitable industry in China is banking. They don't have to worry about dormant account. Loans with low interest rates are all related households, and with high interest rates, it is easy to wipe out the irrecoverable losses of loans with low interest rates. Withdrawals must be made in person. How many people accidentally disappear every year is that people in the sky deposit money in the bank. As we all know, a large part of it has not been taken or can not be taken out. Since there is a necrotic account, there should also be a necrotic account. More than a decade ago, a family in the town opened a gas station on the road and was eliminated overnight. Later, the villagers said that his family was so rich and had worked in the bank for so many years. Since foreigners' national debt can be exempted, why can't domestic citizens who are unable to pay their debts be exempted? You know, national wealth is created by the people. Of course, we must distinguish between willingness and unwillingness, and we must not let speculators take advantage of the loopholes.
Banks are bound by regulators and are not allowed to do anything very radical. The worst thing a bank can do for its customers is to sue, and the court executive board will execute Lao Lai's property to repay the loan.
No borrower directly went from good repayment to full repayment and became a deadbeat. Under normal circumstances, it is not paid in the first month, paid in the second month, and then paid every month, and finally confirmed as bad debts. In this process, banks will actually do a lot of actions to recover loan losses as much as possible.
Generally speaking, the jurisdiction of a bank's loan business can only be one of its business institutions (branches or business teams) or collection departments. When the loan business repays normally, or when the repayment is abnormal but there is hope for recovery, it belongs to the operating institution. When it is determined that the loan cannot be recovered in a short period of time, the business will be handed over to the collection department by the operating institution, and the collection department will make the final rescue.
When the operating institution and loan business are still in the operating institution, the account manager is mainly responsible for collection. The main responsibility of the account manager is to manage the loan. As long as the loan is not recovered, it belongs to the category of post-loan management. Post-loan management mainly depends on the repayment of loans, and the specific work is slightly different.
When the loan business is normal, the account manager will regularly check the bank flow, credit report and enterprise operation status, with the aim of finding problems in advance, giving early warning before the crisis and taking safety measures as soon as possible after the crisis.
At the initial stage of abnormal repayment in the loan business, the account manager will call first to find out whether it is because he forgot to repay or because he did not repay the loan.
When the abnormal repayment of loan business is not stopped in time, the account manager should first understand the main reasons for the poor repayment of customers, find out the subjective and objective reasons, and discuss feasible repayment plans with customers in time.
When the loan business is overdue for more than 90 days in a row, and the repayment plan and restructuring plan cannot be implemented, the operating institution has almost run out of funds in Jiang Lang, and can't find a better plan, so it can only hand over the business to the collection department. Of course, this also means that operating institutions have to bear the heavy responsibility of lax loan review.
The responsibilities of the operating agencies mentioned above are more official requirements, but in practice, account managers will also come to the door and take some special measures to collect money. It depends on what the account managers of each bank have.
In the collection department, when the loan business falls to the collection department, the most important thing is to rely on legal means. The collection department will entrust a lawyer to send a lawyer's letter. Whether the borrower can receive it or not, this action must be done first. On the one hand, let the borrower know that the bank will sue, which is a notice. On the other hand, it is to use legal weapons to see if it can impress borrowers and take the initiative to repay.
If the bank does not receive feedback after sending a lawyer's letter, then it will sue directly without saying anything. Almost all the evidence chains of banks have been verified by "10 thousand" cases, and the probability of winning the case is very high. After winning the case, it will be handed over to the executive board of the court for execution and auction.
If the borrower has no property available for execution and no assets available for auction, the last thing the bank can do may be to transfer the creditor's rights and sell the loan to the asset management company at a discount. At this point, a loan ended.
Summary: Banks are relatively civilized in collecting money. Talk if you can, and fight if you can't. From the normal repayment of the loan to the final irrecoverable, it needs two departments of the bank to manage it. The main purpose of running an institution is to "talk" and find a way to solve it peacefully and recover the loan. When collecting institutions, it is mainly to "fight" and use legal weapons to recover loans.
How can bank financing make up for dormant accounts that are too lazy to pay back money, unable to repay debts and bad debts? A few years ago, there were many loopholes and bad debts in banks. In recent years, with the improvement of the system, in fact, there are not many accounts in which banks have completely died.
For loans that cannot be repaid in time, there are generally the following treatment methods.
1, collection. Including self-collection and entrusted third-party collection.
2. Credit line. Those who fail to repay in time will be included in the credit report, and further loans or credit cards will be strictly restricted. So if the amount is small, most of them will try to return it.
3. Dispose of collateral. Now most loans have collateral. For example, if the mortgage is overdue, the bank can dispose of the house, which is stipulated in the loan contract.
4. Sue lenders and guarantors. Most loans are guaranteed by people with certain financial resources. At this stage, the lender or guarantor will keep and dispose of its property.
5. Unpayable loans are packaged and sold to third-party creditor's rights management institutions. For example, a loan of1100,000 can be sold at a price of 300,000, which is equivalent to recovering 300,000.
6. Use criminal means. Some special cases can be handled by investigating criminal responsibility, for example, investigating the lender's loan fraud, refusing to execute the judgment, and so on.
As long as you are engaged in financial lending business, there will be bad debts, dormant accounts and bad debts. Private lending is like this, and so are banks. But for banks, because they have a complete set of processing procedures, they also need to properly handle these bad debts internally.
1. According to the regulatory regulations, after each loan is issued, the bank must withdraw a bad debt reserve internally and put this bad debt reserve into a separate account for management. The proportion of bad debt provision is classified and withdrawn according to the regulations of the regulatory authorities. This aspect of supervision is clearly defined.
2. After the loan expires, if the customer cannot repay the loan in loans overdue, the bank will adopt three methods in parallel. On the one hand, according to the regulatory requirements, after reaching a certain period of time, we will continue to draw bad debt reserves in proportion. On the other hand, bank loan officers and post-loan management departments will collect money from borrowers. On the other hand, the bank will enter the overdue information of the debtor into the People's Bank of China. In other words, this person's credit record has been defiled, and this payment record has changed from a normal state to an overdue state.
3. If the arrears and interest are successfully recovered after collection. Then the bank will transfer the bad debt reserve from the account back to the profit, forming a normal bank loan operating profit, and this business will be over. What if the collection fails?
4. According to the final regulatory provisions, banks will withdraw 100% of bad debts from different types of loans after a certain period of time. In other words, the bank is ready to lose all the principal and interest. This bad debt reserve is to offset the bank's profits, so it will reduce profits to make up for the loan principal.
5. Dispose of arrears and bad debts according to the internal classification process. Some banks will entrust a cooperative law firm to bring a lawsuit to the court and recover it through a court decision. Then, after the successful legal document is formed, if the user still fails to return it, he will apply for enforcement. At the same time, through the court enforcement court, the user's litigation information will be entered into the blacklist of the court's untrustworthy executors, and at the same time, an application will be made to limit the three high consumption. Then users become what we commonly call "Lao Lai".
6. Because the scale of bank lending is huge, it is impossible to bring court proceedings against all overdue people. Therefore, a large number of banks will not go to court, so banks will turn them into bad debts internally and slowly wait for customers to take the initiative to find banks. Because this part of the accounts has reported 100% bad debts, the follow-up will not affect the normal operation of the bank. Such bad debts can also be packaged and sold to AMC after they are accumulated to a certain extent and approved by the regulatory authorities.
7. Due to the blacklist of the People's Bank of China, borrowers with bad debts have actually been unable to apply for credit cards, mortgages or other loans in all financial systems. He became a "black account of financial credit". If future borrowers want to communicate with financial institutions normally, they must first solve this problem. At this time, the bank became Jiang Taigong fishing, sitting firmly in the military account, waiting for the borrower to come to the door to negotiate and solve it.
In fact, if the borrower can repay the loan, he can negotiate with the bank at any time, and both parties will properly solve this matter, and the bank will modify the credit record status of the People's Bank of China. So everything is a process of negotiation and reconciliation.
If some Lao Lai thinks that he will never deal with financial institutions again, the bank has not filed a lawsuit for this debt. Yes, but this person has no financial credit. Do you gain more or lose more? He can think for himself.
This question is more professional. To put it simply, every time a bank puts in a loan, it will set aside a part of the loan loss reserve accordingly, which will directly affect the bank's profit in that year.
If the customer fails to repay the due loan, the bank will communicate with the customer first, asking the customer to raise money for repayment as soon as possible, and start to calculate the overdue interest and penalty interest.
Once the loan has not been repaid after a certain period of time, the unpaid loan will be included in the non-performing loan. At this point, the customer basically has no repayment ability. Banks began to resort to law and sue.
After the lawsuit was successful, the executive board of the court began to enforce the mortgage of the loan customer or ask the guarantor to repay the loan. If the customer's collateral cannot be disposed of, or it is not enough to repay the bank loan after disposal. Then the remaining overdue loans may have to be written off.
Once written off, it is necessary to use the loan loss reserve mentioned at the beginning to directly reduce the profit of the year.
Therefore, although the process is complicated, the bad debts are finally written off and the profits are reduced.
However, after the write-off, it does not mean that the loan customer will not have to repay. The bank still has the right to recourse against him. Once the customer has money again, or has other executable houses and cars, the bank will continue to chase.
How to make up for the bad debts of banks? From the operational mechanism, it is based on the bank's own profit accumulation and write-off; From the deep roots, it is all bank customers who pay the bill.
Lao Lai's failure to pay back the money or the borrower's inability to pay back the money will cause bank losses, which are collectively called "bad debts"-a common name, and banks have a more accurate name: non-performing assets. Because even if there is no loan to recover, there are still risk differences between these loans.
If the loan assets eventually lose money, the bank will "write off". The so-called write-off means to write off this bad debt with the risk reserve accrued over the years (the risk reserve is actually accrued from the annual profit). In vernacular Chinese, it means that banks write off this account with their own profits and write off bad debts.
These are the write-off mechanisms for bad debts. But in the end, the bank's profit pays the bill, so the more write-offs, the greater the pressure on the bank's profit.
In view of the monopoly of banks, you can know what banks will do to make money. -naturally, it is to raise the loan interest rate, increase the fee income, or lower the deposit interest rate (this is a bit difficult, but it is not impossible). So I said that from the root, it is all bank customers who pay the bill. Customers have to bear the cost of raising interest rates and handling fees because they have no other choice.
I'm Cai Tan, and I want to share my views with you.
The bank makes provision for the loan itself, and will adjust the risk reserve according to the situation during the loan period. For example, after litigation and execution, different risk levels correspond to different loss probabilities until the loss is fully accrued. This is a question of probability. Those who fail to pay back the money will be deducted from the total profit.
If the debt is not repaid, the loan is a civil dispute. According to the civil procedure, the court decided to apply for execution and seized all valuable property that could be found, such as real estate, registered permanent residence, stocks, cars, etc. And then auction to realize repayment. If it is not enough to pay off the debt, continue to look for property, apply for the three high restrictions, lose the trust of the executed person, and cannot go abroad, fly, take the high-speed train, stay in hotels, and so on.
Credit card exceeding the limit belongs to credit card fraud, alarm, filing a case, criminal case, direct arrest and imprisonment.
When a customer group defaults more, it will adjust the loan approval mode and control the risk from the source. For example, steel trade, Fujian people ...
As a risk management enterprise, banks have their own corresponding control measures for risk control. Many people mistakenly think that dormant accounts are the loss of banks, because they can't repay their debts without paying back the money. In fact, not necessarily, because most banks require guarantee measures for loans, so bad debts do not necessarily lead to losses.
The guarantee method is bank loan. The most common guarantee method is mortgage (real estate, vehicles, machinery and equipment, projects under construction, etc.). ), guarantee (enterprise and individual guarantee) and pledge (certificates of deposit, stocks, commodities, etc.). ). As for the completely unsecured measures, pure credit loans do not mean nothing, but few, with little overall impact.
After the bank's loans overdue, it can recover most of the money through guarantee measures. For example, the highest mortgage rate of a house with real estate mortgage, such as a commercial house, is only 60%, and the highest mortgage loan of a commercial house with a value of 2 million in the bank can only be 1.2 million yuan. If the borrower is overdue, the bank will auction the house with a market price of 2 million, as long as the price is not lower than 65438+. The mortgage rate of property is still relatively high. Such as vehicles, machinery and equipment, etc. Many mortgage interest rates are 50% or even 30%, so the occurrence of non-performing loans does not mean that banks will lose money.
Of course, if the loss account is a credit loan or the disposal price of collateral or pledge or the guarantor can't fully compensate, then the bank will have bad debts, such as a loan of 2 million. After various guarantee measures, 6.5438+0.6 million yuan was finally recovered, and then bad debts of 400,000 yuan were formed. For this 400,000 yuan, the bank will try to get your next of kin to help compensate or the court will enforce other property under your name. If all necessary measures are taken,
But write-off is only the accounting disposal method of banks. Doesn't mean you don't have to pay it back after writing it off. The creditor-debtor relationship between you and the bank still exists, and the bank always reserves the right to recover from you. As long as you have follow-up income, the bank can still recover from you!
The bank's bad debt rate is controllable, so don't worry, and the overall profit can be guaranteed.
In fact, the bank is a profit-making institution. It requires depositors to deposit money and then make revolving loans. Of course, banks themselves also have some assets to achieve profitability. Compared with the management of investors' funds, it can realize lending and market circulation, thus earning interest difference and handling fee. Most banks also invest in other industries to achieve capital growth.
The bank won't worry about Lao Lai not paying back the money. Every debt lent by the bank is systematically audited, and it will be lent only after passing, which greatly reduces the bad debt rate. With 65,438+000 basic borrowers and 2 bad debts, the bank can remain profitable. If the bad debt rate is large and the overdue amount is large, the bank will increase the system audit and lend cautiously. Therefore, lenders generally review personal credit records, which is why if the bad debt rate reaches an uncontrollable range, then banks will cause losses. Banks will stop lending or increase auditing and reduce lending.
The domestic bank audit system is relatively advanced and perfect, and there is generally no loss, so it is quite safe for bank depositors to deposit bank funds.