The first is to reward reclamation and develop agricultural production. For the owned wasteland, it will be reclaimed by the original owner, and the government will give preferential treatment, and it will not be taxed for three years; Refugees, regardless of their origins, were incorporated into Jiabao, reclaimed wasteland, issued a letter license, and were allowed to be farmers forever, thus promoting the recovery and development of agricultural students throughout the country. According to the statistics of 1662 (the first year of Emperor Kangxi of Qing Dynasty), there were 54.93 million hectares of cultivated land in China. By 1685, in the twenty-third year of Emperor Kangxi of Qing Dynasty, the cultivated land in China increased to 6.079 million hectares. Zhili Gyeonggi, Taihu Lake, Yangtze River Delta and Poyang Lake have all become major grain producing areas. Build water conservancy and harness the Yellow River at the same time. During the ten years from 1662 to 1676, the Yellow River burst more than 60 times from the first year of Qing Emperor Kangxi to the fourteenth year of Emperor Kangxi. By 1703, in the forty-second year of Kangxi, the flooded farmland on both sides of the Yellow River was gradually re-cultivated, and the floods in the lower reaches of the Yellow River were generally clear. Later, Huaihe River and Yongding River were built. Then the mining industry developed and production developed. The Qing Dynasty implemented an incentive policy for the mining industry, including iron and lead mines in Luoding, Haiyang and Yangshan in Guangdong, tin mines in Nandan and Hexian in Guangxi, iron mines in Qiongzhou and Pujiang in Sichuan, copper, iron, tin and lead mines in Hengzhou and Yongzhou in Hunan, mercury and lead mines in Guizhou, silver mines in Laiyang and Lintong in Shandong, and copper mines in Shexian County in Henan. Encourage the development of handicrafts. The Qing Dynasty implemented a loose support policy for the development of handicraft industry, which promoted the recovery and development of handicraft industry throughout the country. In the cast iron industry, there are 13 iron shops in Hankou, dozens of steel mills in Wuhu and 12 iron shops in Lingchuan, Shanxi. In the cotton dyeing and weaving industry, there are quite a number of dyeing houses and weaving workshops in Changshu, Jiangsu, Suzhou, Guangdong and Foshan. In the grain processing industry, there are many rice milling workshops in all rice producing areas in China. In the tea industry, all tea-producing areas in China have workshops for processing and making tea. The rest, such as sugar industry, porcelain industry, paper industry and wood processing industry, have made great progress throughout the country.
During the Qing Dynasty, the commerce flourished, and the local ginseng trade mainly developed in the northeast. Jilin and Heilongjiang will build 8 new buildings, and Liaoning and Shenyang will build 15 new buildings. In Jiangnan, Yangzhou, Suzhou, Nanjing, Hangzhou, Guangzhou, Hankou and other cities have the most developed industry and commerce. In addition, Qing Wu, Puyuan and Fengjing in Zhejiang, Wang Ping, Zhenze and Nanxiang in Jiangsu, Jingdezhen in Jiangxi, Panyu and Dongguan in Guangdong, Chengdu and Chongqing in Sichuan, and other large and small towns and cities have enjoyed considerable industrial and commercial prosperity. The development of the old city and the rise of the new city are two major characteristics of urban development in the Qing Dynasty. At that time, Tianjin had a population of 700,000, Guangzhou had 900,000 residents, and there were often more than 5,000 sailboats on the Pearl River. In terms of commodity sales, the national tea sales increased from 1.685 to 1.725 to 496,000 citations in 40 years. The sales volume of salt, from 1653 to 1733, received 3.762 million quotations, increasing to 5.234 million quotations, an increase of nearly 40% in 80 years; China's silk exports increased from 278 pieces1741~1831year to 8,560 pieces, an increase of nearly 30 times. In terms of developing foreign trade, the Foreign Trade Regulations of the Qing Dynasty stipulated that ships along the coast of Guangdong, Fujian, Jiangnan, Zhejiang, Shandong and Zhili could trade freely, and customs offices were set up in Jiangnan, Fujian, Zhejiang and Guangdong provinces to manage the ships coming and going and collect taxes. In Zhili, Shandong, Jiangnan, Zhejiang, Guangdong and other provinces, all the sea bans were abolished, so the overseas trade of the Qing Dynasty developed very rapidly. During the Qing dynasty, society made "articles" around money; Usury is one of the "articles" around money. In the Qing Dynasty, various forms of early banks appeared, dealing in exchange business and issuing loans, and money became a tool for the germination of Chinese capitalism.
In the Qing dynasty, the landlord class exploited farmers by issuing usury. According to historical records, in A.D. 1666, in the fifth year of Emperor Kangxi of Qing Dynasty, a farmer in Shanxi borrowed 229 yuan from the landlord, equivalent to more than 4,800 pieces of copper coins. When he couldn't pay his debts, he was forced to work as an employee in the landlord's house, "paying his debts with his work." After working in the landlord's house for three and a half years, there is no money left. There was a farmer in Guangxi who borrowed money from the landlord at a usury rate of 524 yuan, and the result was even worse. Because they had no money to pay their debts, the farmer and his wife had to go to the landlord's house and be "quasi-converted into slaves", but they still couldn't pay their debts. The accumulated principal and interest silver became 526 yuan, the main debt of the land, forcing the farmer's brother and sister-in-law to be "quasi-slaves" in the landlord's house. In addition, agricultural usury also exploits farmers in the form of "pawn employees", "regular son-in-law" and "maid". Silver was a usury in Qing Dynasty. Money lenders lend at high interest rates, and the principal and interest are counted together. Borrowers have to return it in several times, and each time they return it, they have to stamp the passbook, so people call it "silver money". According to Zhang, a draft of Qing history, it is recorded that "private loans collect interest, and the mother and son are in power, which is called' printing money'". Development of non-governmental communication business
In the Qing Dynasty, with the development of social economy and private capital, institutions dealing in this special commodity began to appear. They run all kinds of businesses.
Currency exchange business, which is a major business generally handled by banks today. "Exchange" was called "flying money" in China in the Tang Dynasty. In the Qing Dynasty, the power of remittance business was not in the hands of China people, but in the hands of the British East Indian Company, British businessmen and American businessmen. It can be seen from the archives of the British East India Company that Guangzhou in the Qing Dynasty in China began to handle foreign exchange business in about 65438+early 1960s. By the mid-1970s of 18, the remittance business between China and London had become the main business of the British East India Company in China. In the early 1980s, the draft drawn by the British East India Company from Guangzhou, China to London, England, reached 165438+ over two million in one year. By the beginning of19th century, the number of bills drawn by the British East India Company increased to about 2.502 million each year. Later, American businessmen also joined in, and in Guangzhou at that time in China, they also vigorously carried out foreign exchange business; From A.D. 183 1 to 1832, from the 10th year of Qing Daoguang to the 11th year of Daoguang, American businessmen brought 2.48 million yuan to Guangzhou, China, from A.D. 1832 to A.D. 1833, from the 11th year of Qing Daoguang to the 12th year of Daoguang.
Money lending business, this kind of loan business, is also the most important business of banks today. During the Qing Dynasty in China, it was not China people who lent money to their Chinese businessmen, but British businessmen who lent money to Chinese businessmen and charged them high interest. According to the records of the British East India Company, at the end of 17, British businessmen lent money to China businessmen. British businessmen lent money to China businessmen for opium smuggling and economic plunder of China. According to historical records, at the beginning of19th century, the British East India Company often provided small loans to opium brokers in China to support their smuggling activities. The interest rate of loans lent by British businessmen to China businessmen is very high, the average annual interest rate is 18%-20%, and the highest interest rate is 40%. In 1779, according to the statistics in the forty-four years of Emperor Gaozong of Qing Dynasty, China Merchants owed a total of 3.8 million yuan to British businessmen, of which the principal was only10.8 million yuan, and the remaining 2 million yuan was calculated by British businessmen, and accumulated by the method of "changing interest into capital and earning interest again".
Currency acceptance bill business, acceptance bill business is also a kind of business that banks are handling today. This kind of acceptance bill business is that the payer issues a bill and gives it to the payee. The payee shall collect the cash from the bank or company group designated by the payer within the specified time limit, but the payer must obtain the "acceptance" of the cash from the designated bank or company group in advance. After the designated bank or company group "accepts" and "promises" the cash paid by the payer, it collects a certain amount of "interest" from the paying merchant: 177 1 year. In the twenty-six years of Qing Qianlong, a Chinese businessman asked the accounting office of the British East India Company in Guangzhou to draw up an "acceptance bill" to lend money in London, England. 18 17 In the 22nd year of Jiaqing, another businessman in China, Li Guangyuan, wanted to buy cotton from India, but he had no money, so he had to ask the British East India Company for an account and draw a "acceptance bill" for a loan.
China people started currency exchange business 182 1, and in the first year of Daoguang reign of Xuanzong in Qing Dynasty, Lei Lvkuan, a native of Pingyao, Shanxi Province, opened a Rishengchang Bank, which was the first bank in China to specialize in exchange business. Its predecessor was "Rishengchang Pigment Shop" in Jiaqing period of Qing Dynasty. China people 1776 started banking business, and Qing Qianlong set up a "money company" or "money house" in Shanghai, China in the 41st year. "Qianzhuang" is the primary stage of banks. By A.D. 1845, in the 24th year of Daoguang reign of Emperor Xuanzong of Qing Dynasty, the British set up branches of Li Ruyin Bank in Hong Kong and Guangzhou. In a.d. 1848, Daoguang was cleared in the twenty-seventh year. The bank opened the "Oriental Bank Branch" in Shanghai.
Guanyin Qianhao was a financial institution run by the government in the early Qing Dynasty. It was founded in 1662- 1735, that is, during the reign of Kangxi and Yongzheng in the Qing Dynasty. At first, it was called "watching from the front" and "watching from the front". At that time, it was mainly to exchange money, adjust the price of money and melt the silver collar. Later, it gradually expanded to operate currency exchange, act as an agent for the national treasury, and engage in deposits, loans, remittances, discounts, and purchases of raw gold and silver.
Banks are credit institutions engaged in currency exchange business in Qing Dynasty. At that time, some people called it "draft bank", "exchange bank" and "exchange bank". After A.D. 182 1 year, that is, in the early years of Daoguang of Xuanzong in Qing Dynasty, Rishengchang Pigment Village in Pingyao County was renamed Rishengchang Ticket Bank Village, which may be the earliest ticket bank library in China in Qing Dynasty. After the establishment of the first bank, many businessmen raised funds to set up banks in Pingyao, Qixian and Taigu counties of Shanxi. Since then, the banking industry has become a monopoly of Shanxi people, so people collectively call it Shanxi Bank. Banks with sole investment or partnership investment have capital ranging from tens of thousands to 200,000 to 300,000. Banks generally have a general number, and major cities have semicolons, but they do not add capital. The center of Shanxi draft bank business activities is in the north, but there are also in the south. At that time, there were more than 30 banks in Shanxi, and many semicolons were set up in various provinces. Later, semicolons were established in Tokyo, Japan and Singapore. Banks in China in the Qing Dynasty had a high reputation, strict internal management and strict confidentiality, so many nobles and bureaucrats were willing to keep their private money in the bank. Banks also provide loans, mainly to banks, pawns and wealthy businessmen, but not to ordinary businessmen without financial strength.
Qianzhuang was a credit institution dealing with currency deposit and exchange in Qing Dynasty. It developed slowly from a money house that operated money and silver exchange business. The Yangtze River valley and major cities in the southeast are called "money houses"; Beijing, Tianjin, Shenyang, Jinan, Zhengzhou and other places are called "banks" and "money houses"; Xuzhou, Hankou, Chongqing and Chengdu also have "Qianzhuang" and "Yin Hao". Before the Opium War, banks could issue "Zhuangpiao". When Shanghai businessmen buy beans, wheat, cotton and cotton cloth, they use "Zhuang tickets" to pay for the goods. "Zhuangpiao" can collect money, and in fact, like money, it plays a role as a means of payment and circulation in the market.