There are many kinds of loans, including self-operated loans, entrusted loans and specific loans. It can be divided into short-term loans, medium-term loans and long-term loans according to the term; According to the degree of credit, it can be divided into credit loans, secured loans and discounted bills.

In addition to the above classification, loans can also be divided according to the main economic nature of loans, the occupation form of loans in social reproduction, and the quality of loans. It is also the characteristics of loans themselves that determine the classification of loans. The characteristics of loans mainly include inherent risks, complexity of pricing and asymmetry of information. Therefore, the loan classification is also the need of the steady operation of commercial banks and the financial supervision of the central bank.

For commercial banks, loans have "three principles", namely, safety, liquidity and efficiency. At the same time, the issuance of loans also provides financing needs for the development of many enterprises. It plays a positive role in the development of the whole economy. Of course, in the process of loan, the borrower needs to pay the corresponding interest to the lender and guarantee the repayment on time. Therefore, this also reflects the "three principles" in the process of lending.

Before borrowing money, you must evaluate your repayment ability. If you can't repay on time, you'd better not borrow it.

Types of bank loans

According to different classification standards, there are many types of bank loans:

First, according to the repayment period.

According to different repayment periods, it can be divided into short-term loans, medium-term loans and long-term loans;

Short-term loans refer to loans with a loan term of less than one year (including one year). Medium-term loans refer to loans with a loan term of more than one year (excluding one year) to less than five years (including five years). Long-term loans refer to loans with a loan term of more than five years (excluding five years).

Second, according to the purpose or object of the loan.

According to the purpose or object of the loan, it can be divided into industrial and commercial loans, agricultural loans, consumer loans and securities broker loans.

Three, according to the different loan guarantee conditions

According to the different loan guarantee conditions, it can be divided into bill discount loan, bill mortgage loan, commodity mortgage loan and credit loan.

Secured loan refers to secured loan, mortgage loan, and secured loan refers to a loan issued by a third party in the form of guarantee stipulated in the Guarantee Law of People's Republic of China (PRC), which promises the borrower to assume general guarantee liability or joint liability as agreed. Mortgage loan refers to the loan issued with the property of the borrower or a third party as collateral according to the mortgage method stipulated in the Guarantee Law of People's Republic of China (PRC). , refers to the loan issued with the movable property or rights of the borrower or the third party as the pledge according to the provisions of the Guarantee Law of People's Republic of China (PRC). Bill discount refers to the loan issued by the lender in the form of purchasing the borrower's unexpired commercial paper.

Four, according to the expected annualized interest rate agreed in different ways.

According to the different ways of agreeing on the expected annualized interest rate, it can be divided into fixed expected annualized interest rate loans and floating expected annualized interest rate loans.

5. According to the nature of loan business.

1. Self-operated loan. Refers to the loan independently issued by the lender with funds raised by legal means, with the risks borne by the lender and the principal and interest recovered by the lender.

2. Entrusted loans. Refers to loans provided by government departments, enterprises, institutions, individuals and other principals, and issued, supervised and recovered by the lender (i.e. the trustee) according to the loan object, purpose, amount, term and expected annualized interest rate determined by the principal. The lender (trustee) only charges the handling fee and does not bear the loan risk.

3. Specific loans. Refers to the loans granted by a wholly state-owned commercial bank with the approval of the State Council and after taking corresponding remedial measures for the losses that may be caused by the loans.

Six, according to the economic nature of the loan subject.

According to the economic nature of the loan subject, it can be divided into state-owned and state-controlled enterprise loans, collective enterprise loans, private enterprise loans and individual industrial and commercial households loans.

In real life, the most commonly used loan classification is classified according to the purpose or object of the loan, that is, industrial and commercial loans, agricultural loans, consumer loans, securities broker loans and so on.

Seven, according to the degree of credit loans.

1. Credit loan. Refers to the loan issued by the borrower's credit.

2. Guaranteed loan. Refers to secured loans, mortgage loans,. Guaranteed loan refers to a loan issued by a third party, which promises that when the borrower fails to repay the loan, the borrower will bear the general guarantee liability or joint liability as agreed. Mortgage loan refers to a loan that is mortgaged by the property of the borrower or a third party and issued in accordance with the prescribed mortgage method. , refers to the loan issued with the movable property or rights of the borrower or a third party as the pledge according to the agreed pledge method.

3. Bill discount. Refers to the loan issued by the lender in the form of purchasing the borrower's unexpired commercial paper.

Eight, according to the loan quality.

1. Normal loan. Refers to the loan that is expected to have normal turnover within the loan term and can be repaid in full and on time.

2. non-performing loans. Non-performing loans include non-performing loans, sluggish loans and overdue loans. Non-performing loans refer to loans classified as non-performing loans according to the relevant provisions of the Ministry of Finance. Sluggish loans refer to loans that are overdue (including due after extension) according to the relevant provisions of the Ministry of Finance and are still returned after the prescribed time limit, or loans that have not been overdue or overdue but whose production and operation have been terminated and projects have been suspended (excluding non-performing loans). Overdue loans refer to loans that are not due (including those due after extension) as agreed in the loan contract (excluding sluggish loans and bad loans).

Nine, according to the international practice (risk) to classify the loan quality.

Bank loans are divided into five grades: normal, concerned, secondary, doubtful and loss. The latter three types of loans are called "non-performing loans" or "problem loans".

What is the five-level classification standard of loans?

The five categories of loans are as follows:

1. Normal loan: the borrower can perform the contract;

2. Interest-related loans: There are some unfavorable factors that may affect debt repayment;

3. Subprime loan: the borrower has obvious problems in repayment ability;

4. Suspicious loan: the borrower is unable to repay the loan principal and interest in full;

5. Loss loans: principal and interest cannot be recovered or only a small part can be recovered, and the expected loss of principal and interest is generally above 90%.

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The five-level classification of loans refers to the five-level classification of loan quality by commercial banks according to the actual repayment ability of borrowers. That is, according to the degree of risk, loans are divided into five categories: normal, concerned, secondary, suspicious and loss, and the latter three categories are non-performing loans. 1In May, 1998, the People's Bank of China formulated the Guiding Principles for Loan Classification with reference to international practices and combined with the national conditions of China.