1. Risk types can be generally divided into the following categories according to risk reasons: 2. Credit risk Credit risk, also known as default risk. Refers to the borrower's failure to repay the loan principal and interest as agreed in the contract, resulting in bank losses. This is one of the main risks faced by commercial banks. In recent years, the domestic economy has undergone structural reforms, and some large, medium and small enterprises have suffered serious losses due to long-term irregular operations, forming banks ... 3.2. Loan projects have large investment, slow recovery and low efficiency. 4.(3) The bank loan procedure is illegal, which makes it impossible to collect the loan normally. The risk of illegal lending refers to illegal lending between financial institutions, resulting in huge financial losses that cannot be recovered. The risk of illegal fund-raising is the risk of illegal fund-raising Banks absorb deposits at high interest rates, and cannot cash deposits when the government's interest rate is adjusted or loses money, resulting in risks. Banks, that is, commercial banks, are indirect financing channels. Due to the early "semi-official and semi-commercial" color and long-term operating advantages of the banking industry, it has gained incomparable brand, asset and channel advantages over other three types of financial institutions. At present, the speed of banking opening to the outside world is accelerating, and most state-owned banks are restructuring. Joint-stock commercial banks have begun to find their own segmentation and positioning respectively. At the same time, powerful banks have launched a new attack on insurance investment, and their corporate finance departments have begun to transition to investment banks, and trust-based wealth management business has gradually developed. In the foreseeable future, large banks will become "universal banks" with all financial business functions. It occupies an unparalleled dominant position in China's financial system. The securities industry is actually separated from the securities part of commercial banks, which is the so-called "investment bank" in Europe and America. Due to the chaotic market rules, the capital market is sluggish and the opening up is slow. At present, the securities industry is in an unprecedented downturn. At this time, the regulatory authorities intend to relax the opening of the securities industry, and international investment banks have "absorbed on dips". It is conceivable that foreign capital will play a decisive role in China's securities industry. However, with the high-level promotion of direct financing development, if the stock market picks up and the large amount of overseas financing bills return to A-share listing, the securities industry may still have a chance. The insurance industry is a relatively closed system. China's insurance industry has experienced a wave of investment and is currently in a consolidation period. On the whole, although China has a large population and an imperfect social security system, it is a paradise for the life insurance industry. However, the gap between the rich and the poor in China is serious, and the number of people who really consume insurance is far from rising. In the previous "big explosion of life insurance industry", the integrity of agents was widely questioned. Therefore, the insurance industry will inevitably experience a long-term bleak business process. Trust industry is a characteristic of China. Internationally, trust is only a financial agreement model and does not constitute an industry. Domestic "trust companies" are roughly equivalent to the asset management business of foreign banks.
2. What are the main risks of loans from banking financial institutions at present?
At present, most commercial banks in China adopt the model of comprehensive credit line to customers to determine the financing line. However, the determination of the comprehensive credit line of commercial banks in China is arbitrary and scientific, which leads to the widespread phenomenon of multi-head credit granting, easy concentration to "large households" and excessive credit risk. How to reduce the excessive credit risk brought by multi-head credit to commercial banks, so that commercial banks can give credit lines to customers more scientifically and reasonably, and better match the actual capital needs of customers. The author suggests that we can consider the following aspects: First, optimize the external environment of credit management 1. Improve the inter-bank credit management system and actively safeguard the social credit environment. At present, under the condition of imperfect credit information system in China, inaccurate and asymmetric information will lead to bank credit failure. Commercial banks can only inquire about customers' credit balance and asset classification during credit review, but it is difficult to inquire about customers' current effective credit lines in various banks, and it is even more difficult to predict customers' future credit expenditure. It is difficult to control the total amount of credit granted to customers, or it can only be controlled afterwards, and it is difficult to achieve results by setting credit conditions.
Third, why is the interest of 4S shops in handling financial car loans so high?
The reasons for the high loan interest of 4s shop financial center are as follows:
1. The loan threshold of auto financing companies is lower than that of banks. Generally speaking, borrowers are not required to borrow local accounts, nor are they required to have loan product attributes in local loans. Accordingly, auto financing companies need to take more risks when lending, so they will raise the loan interest rate accordingly.
2. Except the mortgage interest rate, the bank's loan interest rate generally rises on the basis of the benchmark interest rate, and there is no downward trend at all. Although the loan interest rate of auto financing companies is higher than that of banks, they often engage in some preferential activities, which are not much higher after conversion.
3. The reason why auto financing companies can become one of the main channels of auto loans lies in providing low-threshold loan conditions for car buyers. Therefore, the loan interest rate of auto financing companies is higher than that of banks, and everyone will bear it. Of course, if your qualifications are good enough, you might as well apply for a car loan from the bank, which will really save some interest.
4. What are the main risks of loans from banking financial institutions at present?
Risk types of financing secured loan business of banking financial institutions
(1) External risks.
The external risk of financing secured loans is mainly the customer's credit risk, that is, the possibility that the borrower can't fulfill the debt service responsibility and make the banking financial institutions suffer losses, including both the borrower's credit risk and the financing guarantee company's credit risk. The main manifestations are: the borrower and the guarantee company collude maliciously to defraud the loan; The borrower uses the loan for other purposes; The shareholders of the guarantee company make false capital contributions or withdraw their capital contributions, and the paid-in capital is untrue and the structure is unreasonable; The business scope of the guarantee company is not limited to loan guarantee, what's more, it issues a certificate to engage in illegal activities.
In banking, the amount of deposits is limited. However, some guarantee companies deposit loans provided by borrowing companies into bank deposit accounts for their own benefit. For example, they not only charge the loan company's guarantee fee, but also deposit enough money in the bank deposit account, which actually lightens the compensation responsibility of the guarantee company and increases the repayment burden of the enterprise. If a guarantee company asks the borrower to take 20% of the loan as the guarantor without the knowledge of the bank, and the legal representative of the guarantee company absconds with the money, the borrower is resistant to the loan and demands that only 80% be returned, and the remaining 20% be repaid by the deposit. However, the deposit account was sealed up because of economic cases, and the deposit could not be used to repay the loan, which led to the great risk of loss of bank funds. Although the above-mentioned behavior is explicitly prohibited in various financing guarantee management regulations, the guarantee company exploited the loophole for the benefit and was finally destroyed.
(2) Internal risks.
First of all, the loan approval system is not perfect, the banking financial institutions issue loans for deposit, and the pre-loan investigation is a mere formality; The investigation and review of loans ignores the investigation of the first repayment source and trusts the second repayment source too much. Most of the second repayment sources are loans from financing guarantee companies. Post-loan inspection is not in place. Taking care of human feelings and paying real money have increased the possibility of non-performing loan losses.
Secondly, the professional quality of bank staff needs to be improved. Some banks update their knowledge in time and keep pace with the times; Some employees may face the risk of loan loss due to subjective intention or negligence, improper operation or failure to perform investigation duties; Some employees not only don't study laws and regulations, but even the rules and regulations of their own units are not very clear, and illegal operations occur from time to time.
Third, the professional ethics of bank employees need to be improved. Some loan officers have moral hazard such as egoism and money worship. If we don't get rid of these thoughts of corrupt work and social atmosphere, all kinds of risks in credit risk will not be effectively controlled.