Under the background of financial "deleveraging" and strong supervision, the problem of financing difficulty and expensive financing for entity enterprises, especially private enterprises, has once again become prominent.
The reporter of 265438+20th Century Business Herald learned that due to the strict implementation of the "seven prohibitions and four openness" of banks by CBRC, the phenomenon of increasing the financing cost of enterprises by charging "financing consultant fees" indiscriminately, decomposing interest into expenses, multi-layer nesting and channel business has been effectively curbed. However, "innovative ways" such as "re-lending" repeatedly charging interest and asking enterprises to solve bad problems in disguise began to appear, which increased the financing cost and difficulty of enterprises.
Transfer of repeated interest-bearing loans.
Mr. Zhang, the chairman of a large private enterprise, analyzed the grey approach to the reporter of 2 1 Century Business Herald. "The book interest of banks and enterprises is only about 6%, and there are no other hidden costs. On the surface, it is not high, but the actual financing cost of private enterprises in banks exceeds 12%, because interest can be collected twice. "
The specific way is to lend first, then pledge the deposit certificate and then lend. For example, enterprise A applies for a loan of 1 100 million yuan from the bank, and the bank requires that this 1 100 million yuan cannot be directly withdrawn by enterprise A and needs to be deposited in the bank to become 1 100 million yuan. Then enterprise A pledges with the certificate of deposit, and then applies to the bank for a loan of 1 100 million yuan. The capital obtained by the enterprise is 654.38 billion yuan, but after being transferred once, it becomes "200 million loans and 654.38 billion yuan deposits" in the bank account.
For enterprises, the book loan is 200 million yuan, and the actual financing amount is only 654.38+0 billion yuan, but the interest is 200 million yuan. Generally speaking, the benchmark interest rate of qualified private enterprise loans rises by more than 30%, and the annualized interest rate of surface loans is about 6%, but the interest on two loans is more than 12%, the interest on deposits is about 1.3%- 1.5%, and the interest actually charged by banks after deducting the interest on deposits is1.
Nevertheless, this interest rate is still lower than that of non-standard and private financing, so many private enterprises will still accept this requirement from banks.
Looking at the latest financial report of Mr. Zhang's enterprise, there are 26 banks providing loans for him, and the loan interest rate is concentrated at 4%-6.8%.
However, a person from the audit department of a large state-owned bank said that after the loan is approved, the enterprise will generally withdraw it according to the progress of use, and the unused money will lie in the bank account, which naturally leads to a certain deposit. In this case, individual outlets and employees will do this for performance, but it is not common.
The source said that from the perspective of enterprises, what is seen is the increase in financing costs. From the bank's point of view, it may be to obtain deposits. But this is a fraud violation, and if it is found out, it will be severely punished.
Although the above methods were explicitly prohibited by the CBRC, some banks committed crimes against the wind.
The reporter of 265438+20th Century Business Herald found that there were 126 "lending" penalty sheets among the administrative penalties.
Enterprises help banks "bad debts"
There is also a gray way, that is, to help "bad companies borrow money." According to Mr. Zhang, his company has obtained bank credit of 654.38+0.9 billion yuan, but has been burdened with bad debts10 billion yuan. If enterprises want to get loans, they must help banks to resolve a certain number of non-performing loans.
Specifically, if enterprise A applies for a loan of 654.38 billion yuan from Bank B, and another loan customer of Bank B, C, has the risk of repayment. Enterprise C's overdue loan for 90 days is recorded as bad. In order to cover up the bad, the bank will propose to lend 300 million yuan to enterprise A, of which 654.38 billion yuan will be lent by enterprise A to enterprise C, and then enterprise C will use this loan to repay the bank loan.
Enterprise A originally wanted to borrow 1 billion, and finally got a loan of 300 million. Actually used 200 million yuan, but to bear the loan interest of 300 million yuan, it is necessary to recover 1 100 million yuan from enterprise C itself. In terms of banks, 300 million yuan of normal loans were used to replace 654.38 billion yuan of non-performing loans. The best result is that enterprise A pays the principal and interest, and Bank B successfully turns its 654.38 billion yuan non-performing loan into a loan from enterprise A to enterprise C, and gets out smoothly. The bad situation is that the loan and financial cost of 300 million yuan eventually dragged down enterprise A, and the bank's non-performing loans changed from 654.38 billion yuan to 300 million yuan.
In this regard, the aforementioned auditors said: "Every branch will have non-performing loans, and there are many tricks. This way of transfusing blood to zombie enterprises in disguise may cause greater risks. "
However, the person also said that compared with other financing channels, the cost of banks is the lowest. It is necessary to distinguish between high corporate financing costs and high interest rates, because many corporate financing costs, such as assessment fees, are not charged by banks, but the costs paid by enterprises to third parties.
The source also said that the difficulty and high cost of financing for enterprises are not only due to banks. "Enterprises will inevitably have exaggerated elements. When the capital chain is tight, they don't reflect on their own management and look for external reasons more. We have audited so many corporate loans that many companies are short of money, but few companies are short of liquidity. Actually, what they lack is capital. How much liquidity is needed is clear, and there are logistics and purchase and sale contracts. The key point is that some enterprises don't know what to do with the money, and now the risks are taking the bank's money to do something else. "