What are the causes and countermeasures of non-performing loans of commercial banks in China? Share it with everyone below, I hope you like it! Welcome to read!

First, the causes of non-performing loans

On the one hand, the impact of economic downturn on enterprises can not be ignored. On the other hand, financial institutions have not yet achieved intensive loan management, which is also an important reason for the formation of non-performing loans, such as the lack of in-depth pre-loan investigation, the failure to implement loan conditions, and the inadequate post-loan management. We can sum up the following points:

The phenomenon of "1" paying more attention to loans than management has not been cured.

In the development history of financial institutions, there has always been a phenomenon of attaching importance to business development, ignoring risk management, emphasizing loan delivery and ignoring loan management. This is largely influenced by the evaluation orientation and methods. In terms of assessment orientation, although most financial institutions emphasize the requirement of matching income with risk, the actual situation is that the scale assessment is ahead and strong, and the quality assessment is often delayed due to factors such as untimely asset classification and post-audit adjustment, which encourages the "short-sighted" behavior in operation to some extent, leading to the phenomenon of "emphasizing scale over quality" from time to time. In terms of assessment methods, most of them adopt the method of "paying the bill", which is directly linked to loan delivery, loan deposits and loan income, which leads institutions to pay more attention to income, excessively pursue scale expansion and ignore the control requirements of asset quality. At the same time, the tenure of senior executives in financial institutions can easily lead to one-sided pursuit of performance during their term of office. In the game between development and risk, risk control gives way to business development from time to time.

2. The concept of risk management is still not deeply rooted in people's hearts.

Financial institutions are easily confused by "golden customers", for example, they do not make in-depth analysis of loans from monopoly industries, enterprises and government projects, reduce access standards, adjust risk limits and expand credit through various means; Post-loan management is relaxed, and the use of loans and the operation of enterprises are not well monitored. In order to form the second source of repayment, we believe and rely on it too much, and think that secured loans are good loans, ignoring a large number of problems in practice, such as insufficient guarantee capacity, difficulty in implementing "unsecured commitments", overvaluation of collateral, and difficulty in realizing them. In the process of loan management, we think that "no interest is a good loan", we don't pay enough attention to the major problems of enterprises, we don't analyze the cash flow of enterprises in depth, we can't make timely and accurate judgments on loan risks, and then we lose the best opportunity to revitalize and dispose of them. Long-term liquidity loans are serious. After the loan expires, blindly rely on lending, thinking that "borrowing the new and returning the old" is the best solution. We turn a blind eye to the weakness of market competition and the deterioration of business conditions, and the result is to turn potential risks into real losses.

3 inadequate control of the credit process

Process management is the top priority of modern commercial banks, and the problems in process control are worth studying. For example, the evaluation department, the management department and the disposal department seem to perform their respective duties, and in essence everyone may be responsible, but it is impossible for everyone to be responsible. For example, the management department is responsible for the formation of bad things, but it does not need to be disposed of. The security department is responsible for the disposal, but it does not have to pay for the bad formation. If the disposal is excessive, it is performance. The evaluation department is not a management department, and it cares more about figures than the project itself.

4 the importance of credit asset risk classification

The influence of the timeliness and accuracy of credit asset risk classification on asset quality and evaluation should also be paid enough attention. As we all know, the identification of non-performing loans is based on the risk classification results of credit assets. The result of risk classification affects the impairment reserve. If the risk classification is inaccurate and the defects are not exposed in time, the provision for impairment will be inaccurate, and the results of the assessment of various business entities will also be reflected in the front and the punishment will be delayed.

5. Lack of accountability and accountability.

The responsibility determination of credit business is a very serious and professional work, and it is a test and assessment of the whole process of credit business. At present, the main problems we have in this regard are as follows: First, the contradiction between less personnel and heavy workload is more prominent; Second, the test of identifying various business types and long historical evolution span of the project is more prominent; Third, the policy requirements and institutional basis of each stage are not mastered enough. When the responsibility is identified, it is often subject to the personal quality of the personnel who identify the responsibility, and the quality of the responsibility identification cannot be guaranteed. From the perspective of accountability, it takes a long time for a project to be investigated from bad formation and responsibility identification. The lag and evasion of accountability directly affect its seriousness, and it is difficult to play its due disciplinary and educational role. Based on the comprehensive responsibility identification and investigation, it is not difficult to find that the responsibility identification link pays more attention to the inadequacy of post-lending management than the in-depth investigation before lending, overemphasizes the lack of due diligence in the details of post-lending operation, and avoids talking about the defects in customer selection and marketing strategy formulation before lending. At the same time, the responsibility investigation is aimed at front-line employees, and the punishment is far stronger than that of operators with decision-making power. The problem of unfair punishment and ineffective punishment also has a great influence on the generation of non-performing loans.

Second, non-performing loans difficult to collect countermeasures

In order to improve the quality of assets and curb the trend of concentrated exposure of non-performing loans, we must identify the problems, put pressure on ourselves and face the difficulties. To do the following work:

1 Solve the problems of understanding and mechanism, and make key breakthroughs.

First of all, we must solve the relationship between income and risk. While adhering to "development is the last word", we should improve the concept of "sustainable development", strictly control credit access, and strengthen the examination and approval of credit rating and credit scheme. Secondly, we should solve the pressure of risk management and control and the driving force of business development. Clarify the main risk points and due diligence requirements of all aspects of credit business, and seriously identify and investigate the responsibilities. We should not only prevent blind pursuit of business development and neglect of risk management and control, but also put an end to timidity, formulate due diligence exemption methods, clarify the due diligence guidelines of different types of customers, and dispel the work concerns of loan managers. Those who are not responsible for the work, should act as inaction or operate in violation of regulations, especially those who directly lead to the downward shift of asset quality due to inadequate work, should be strictly investigated for responsibility. Third, solve the problem of mechanism construction of loan management. Further clarify the responsibilities and main risk points of relevant departments at all levels in loan management, establish a scientific and efficient credit marketing, access, approval and distribution management mechanism with clear powers and responsibilities, establish a post-loan enterprise risk assessment system, establish a loan management evaluation system, establish a reasonable loan management incentive system, issue guidelines for due diligence of credit posts, and link the evaluation results with rewards and punishments of institutions and personnel. It is necessary to establish an information exchange and communication mechanism to prevent information asymmetry and information layer-by-layer attenuation. Establish a regular meeting system of risk early warning, timely judge credit risk events, implement one policy for one household and multiple policies for one household, and increase incentives for revitalizing the disposal of non-performing loans.

2. Continue to lay a solid management foundation and improve the asset quality control system.

On the one hand, strengthen the research on national macro-control policies and key industries. Through investigation, find out the target positioning, vigorously expand the market, accurately identify and effectively control risks, and improve the management level. On the other hand, it is necessary to formulate scientific marketing strategies to promote the optimization of credit structure. Formulate a credit policy close to the market, subdivide the market and customers, and realize the transformation from "big to excellent", from paying attention to large and medium-sized customers to paying equal attention to high-quality large and medium-sized customers and high-quality SME customers. Because the ability of small and medium-sized enterprises to resist market risks is relatively weak, their credit risk is closely related to the prosperity of the industry. Therefore, we urgently need to strengthen the research on the industry background of small and medium-sized enterprises, analyze and predict the market development prospects, and strengthen risk mitigation measures. The third is to establish a scientific incentive and restraint mechanism for risk management. Firmly establish the concept of effective balance between risks and benefits, and improve risk management policies, systems and standards. Improve the accuracy, objectivity and timeliness of risk classification, and make full provision for impairment. Make full use of risk management tools to improve the professional, refined and scientific level of risk management, effectively resist the occurrence of credit risks and promote the sustained and healthy development of credit business. The fourth is to improve the post-loan management ability. Post-loan management is the last line of defense for credit risk control. According to the frequency and depth requirements of post-loan management, we should pay close attention to major risk events, major investment decisions and cash flow changes of enterprises.

3. Intensify efforts to deal with bad inventory.

To strengthen the handling of non-performing loans, the first task is to curb the emergence of newly exposed non-performing loans. Continue to develop, constantly consolidate and develop high-quality customer groups, and improve the quality of credit assets from the source. Do a good job in risk monitoring and research on exit strategies of important customers to avoid turning potential risks into real risks because of "dead retreat". Secondly, we should make full use of policies and indigestion through various means. It is necessary to strengthen policy research, control projects, apply appropriate policies to appropriate customers, make full use of new policies, new tools and new means to speed up the disposal of non-performing loans, and steadily digest historical burdens. The third is to establish an incentive and restraint mechanism for asset quality control. Fully mobilize the enthusiasm of all parties with policy leverage, implement the quality control assessment and responsibility restraint mechanism of credit assets of leading bodies, and implement responsible loan collection. Implement the reward and punishment system, improve the accountability system for credit asset quality control, and seriously identify the responsibilities, so as to fundamentally improve the enthusiasm of credit asset management.

How to write the explanation of loans overdue's reason?

There is no fixed format for loans overdue's explanation, as long as the situation and previous loans and overdue repayments are clearly explained. The reference format is as follows:

I () applied for a () loan at the bank () on () of () for a term of (). Because () didn't repay the loan on time, I was () days overdue, and then I paid off all the arrears and interest at (). Through this loan, our company understands the importance of credit record, and also knows that its credit impact is irreparable. I promise to pay off the loan on time next time and keep a good credit record.

Hereby!

Borrower:

Date, year and month

The reason for overdue may be the change of work, which leads to the decrease of income and inability to repay; Family members or borrowers are dead or missing, and there is no repayment; If the developer delays the delivery of the house, delays the handling of the property right certificate, or there are serious quality problems in the purchased house, the purchaser will defend on the grounds of refusing to repay the loan; Some borrowers have a weak legal awareness and deliberately default on loans; Due to work reasons, I have been away from home for many years and can't repay the loan in time.

Provide several ways to prevent overdue repayment.

First, read the contract carefully.

When signing a contract, we must read it carefully. First, be sure to read the repayment date clearly at the first time and remember your repayment date. Secondly, we must read the excellent materials carefully and understand them correctly. Only by knowing the numbers in your mind can you effectively avoid overdue. Repay on schedule.

Second, make repayment by associating with your commonly used bank card.

Most people forget to repay rather than unable to repay, so they can choose to associate their own bank cards and let the system automatically deduct money. At the same time, they can fill in 2-3 days in advance of the repayment date to avoid overdue transfer.

Third, apply to the bank to extend the loan time.

If you happen to have problems with your time, I suggest you contact the bank to explain your situation and whether you can apply for long-term repayment to avoid high penalty interest.

Fourth, as far as possible, let the bank send text messages to remind repayment.

5. Choose a responsible financial service company to help you with the loan, and ask your financial advisor to help you remember the repayment date and remind you to repay.

What are the causes of non-performing loans of commercial banks in China?

1. Economic growth has declined.

Due to the obvious decline in domestic economic growth and the impact of economic restructuring, some industries have financial risks. Economic growth is still relatively slow, which will affect the non-performing loan ratio of commercial banks in China.

2. Government intervention in credit supply

In order to support the development of some industries, the government has affected the willingness of banks and commercial banks to lend, resulting in the formation of some non-performing loans.

3. Credit and legal environment

Credit is an indispensable standard for the development of the whole national economy. As one of the core enterprises of market economy, the credit environment of banks has great influence on them. In areas with poor credit environment, some loan customers lack integrity, low moral standards and weak corporate culture construction foundation. Although they have a hard economic foundation and good development prospects, their advantages cannot match their weaknesses, and many of them are people.

4. Management and investment mistakes

The leaders of some units borrow money from banks through relationships. However, their operating conditions are not ideal, which leads to the inability to obtain the expected benefits, the inability to repay the loan on time, and even the unpredictable business operation. In order to make the enterprise run normally, they had to borrow money from the bank again. Such a vicious circle, a little careless in operation, will lead to the closure of enterprises, unable to repay bank loans. Secondly, some enterprises' analysis of the feasibility of investment projects is unreasonable, which makes the investment fail to achieve the expected return and even lead to losses, thus making the increased loans non-performing and ultimately unable to repay.

5. Banks lack awareness of risk prevention and control

Individual employees unilaterally pursue their own interests for personal interests, weakening their risk awareness or luck. This is also an important reason for the increase in non-performing loans.

6. The state-owned enterprise system is an important reason for non-performing loans of banks and state-owned commercial banks. The biggest debtor of state-owned commercial banks is state-owned enterprises. Both state-owned enterprises and state-owned commercial banks are state-owned, and the property rights relationship is not clear. Enterprises' demand for loans is unlimited, and unclear property rights lead to zero constraints on state-owned enterprises' loans, which leads to high interest rates on bank loans. On the one hand, it makes it more difficult for state-owned enterprises to repay loans on time, resulting in a vicious circle of borrowing money and not paying it back. On the other hand, due to the backward system, a large number of state-owned enterprise systems are out of touch with the market and cannot meet the development requirements of the market economy, resulting in a large number of losses of state-owned enterprises. In the process of market economic system reform, a large number of state-owned enterprises went bankrupt, and state-owned commercial banks evaded a large number of loan debts in reorganization activities such as acquisition, contracting and leasing.

7. Bank risk awareness and preventive measures are not strong, and loan management is weak.

8. The quality of loan managers directly affects the control of non-performing loans. Due to the low quality of loan managers, the bank's business philosophy can not be effectively implemented in loan management, such as the lack of serious and rigorous work style and the failure to strictly approve loans in accordance with loan procedures, thus bringing loopholes in non-performing loans. The high professional quality of loan managers is conducive to the safety, scientificity and effectiveness of loans.

The above is the whole content of the reasons for the formation of non-performing loans in commercial banks.

Non-performing loans are the general names of overdue loans, sluggish loans and non-performing loans. Overdue loans refer to loans that are overdue as agreed in the loan contract (including loans due after the extension), and sluggish loans refer to loans that are overdue (including loans due after the extension) for more than a specified period of time, or loans that are not overdue or overdue for less than a specified period of time but whose production and operation have been terminated and projects have stopped; According to relevant regulations, non-performing loans are classified as non-performing loans.

Fully explain 12 kinds of bad credit records. What is the reason why the loan was rejected?

Banks and some lending institutions pay attention to the records within 24 months when reviewing personal credit status, and generally judge whether an individual has a bad credit record by overdue repayment for 6 times. Some banks have stopped lending if they are overdue for more than six times in the last 24 months.

Some banks stipulate that loans will not be granted if the principal or interest of the loan is repaid in three consecutive installments or accumulated six or more installments. However, some banks will affect their loans if they are overdue for more than three times.

What are the bad records of 12?

1. The credit card has been overdue for three consecutive times, totaling six times;

2. The monthly payment is overdue for 2 to 3 months or unpaid;

3. The monthly payment of car loan is overdue for 2 to 3 months or not;

4. The loan interest rate is raised, and the "monthly payment" is still paid according to the original amount, resulting in overdue interest;

5. Water, electricity and gas charges are not paid on time;

6. Personal credit card has TX behavior;

7. Failing to repay the student loan;

8. Credit card overdrafts and mortgage loans are not repaid on time;

9. When providing a guarantee for a third party, the third party fails to repay the loan on time; Although you didn't borrow money, you made a guarantee;

10, personal credit report will also record some economic judgments. Therefore, economies such as debt will also affect credit records;

1 1. The mobile phone charge is linked to the bank card charge. If you don't go through the relevant formalities after the mobile phone is stopped, it will be overdue due to insufficient monthly fee, which will also cause bad records;

12. If the Sleep Credit Card is not activated, an annual fee will still be incurred. If you don't pay, you will have a negative credit record; For example, after changing the curve card, the amount is not high. If you don't want to use it, you'd better call to cancel it.

There are seven situations in credit investigation, namely the so-called loan blacklist.

The first type: personal credit information cannot be overdue for more than 6 times in the last two years.

The second type: there is overdue information on the credit information for more than 90 consecutive days.

The third type: the credit information is currently overdue. In this case, often all major platforms refuse!

Fourth, there are some special transaction information in the credit information, which generally includes "bad debts" and "freezing". "Bad debts" means that you may have long-term bad debts that have not been dealt with, and freezing means that your current account may be sealed up.

Fifth, there is information about the person being executed. If the information of the person subjected to execution occurred in the last two years, it means that the borrower has just filed a lawsuit and has broken his promise.

Sixth: the credit report shows that the debt is too high. Mainly judged by the loan balance and credit card overdraft. If the loan balance and credit card overdraft add up to a lot, and the income gap with the borrower is relatively large, it will be judged by the lending institution as excessive comprehensive debt.

Seventh: there are more than 6 inquiry records in half a year, which also shows that the borrower is short of money and belongs to the high-risk list. So don't check the credit information if something happens.

There are four other situations that can immediately eliminate overdue records.

1, the bank's fault

The bank is negligent. For example: (including but not limited to) the annual fee adjustment of credit card has not been notified, the fee cannot be deducted at the weekend of system upgrade, and there is a overlord clause in the fee, resulting in overdue customers?

The above situation is the fault of the bank, not entirely personal responsibility.

2. The third party failed to repay.

Sometimes repayment through a third-party institution does not arrive in real time, and there will be some delays, such as the failure of inter-bank counters, the failure of online banking transfer repayment, and the failure of binding inter-bank automatic deduction.

Cross-bank credit card debit will be transferred through third-party payment, and some third-party institutions have restrictions on the amount of transfer, so this really doesn't blame customers.

The bill hasn't been received yet.

Credit card repayment is generally based on the bill, if the cardholder does not receive the bank bill in time, including paper bills, electronic bills and so on.

4. Overdue due to false information.

Not all overdue cases are caused by themselves. Sometimes, due to lax review by lending institutions, personal information is fraudulently used or the information is wrong.

Due to the time limit, the credit card has expired.

So be sure to protect your credit, you can't do anything without credit! You can trust me privately if you have any questions.

Concern, thank you for your support.