I. Transactional financial assets:
Meet one of the following conditions, should be divided into trading financial assets:
1. The main purpose of obtaining this financial asset is to sell it in the near future;
2. It belongs to a kind of identifiable financial instrument portfolio under centralized management, and there is objective evidence that the enterprise recently managed the portfolio through short-term profit;
3. Derivatives, such as treasury bonds futures, forward contracts and stock index futures. If the change in its fair value is greater than zero, it shall be recognized as a trading financial asset and included in the current profit and loss.
The initial measurement of transactional financial assets;
Bookkeeping cost = purchase price-dividend declared undistributed (or interest not received due);
General entries are as follows:
Debit: Trading financial assets-cost (measured at fair value)
Investment income (transaction cost)
Dividends receivable (interest receivable)
Loan: Bank deposit (paid total price)
Transactional financial assets are subsequently measured at fair value, and changes in fair value are included in current profits and losses.
General accounting entries:
1. When the fair value is greater than the book value:
Debit: Trading financial assets-changes in fair value
Credit: gains and losses from changes in fair value
2. When the fair value is lower than the book value:
Debit: gains and losses from changes in fair value
Loans: Trading Financial Assets-Changes in Fair Value
3. When the dividend or interest is declared due;
Debit: Dividend receivable (or interest receivable)
Loan: investment income
4. When receiving dividends or interest,
Debit: bank deposit
Credit: Dividends receivable (interest receivable)
5. Disposal period
Debit: Bank deposit (net selling price)
Gains and losses from changes in fair value (net increase in fair value during holding period)
Loan: Trading financial assets (book balance)
Investment income (inverted logo, loss recorded as debit, income recorded as credit. )
Gains and losses from changes in fair value (net depreciation of fair value during holding period)
Two. Hold to maturity investment
2. Characteristics of held-to-maturity investment:
The maturity date is fixed, the recovery amount is fixed or determinable,
The enterprise has a clear intention to hold it until maturity,
Under any of the following circumstances, it indicates that the enterprise has no clear intention to hold the investment in financial assets to maturity:
1. The term of holding this financial asset is uncertain;
2. When the market interest rate changes, liquidity demand changes, alternative investment opportunities and their investment returns change, financing sources and conditions change, and foreign exchange risks change, the financial assets will be sold.
Except for the sale of financial assets caused by uncontrollable, unpredictable and unreasonable independent events;
3. The amount that the issuer of the financial asset can pay off is obviously lower than its amortized cost;
4. Other circumstances that indicate that the enterprise has no clear intention to hold the financial asset to maturity.
Three. Loans and accounts receivable
1. Definitions of loans and receivables:
Loans and receivables refer to non-derivative financial assets that are not quoted in an active market and have a fixed or determinable recovery amount.
For example: commercial banks lend money; Commercial purchase loans; Bonds/bills with no active market held by commercial banks; Accounts receivable of industrial and commercial enterprises, etc.
2. Characteristics of loans and receivables
The recovery amount is fixed or determinable,
There is no active market, which is the main difference between loans and receivables and held-to-maturity investments.
That is, held-to-maturity investments are quoted in an active market, while loans and receivables are not quoted.
3. Assets not belonging to loans and receivables,
Non-derivative financial assets that will be sold immediately or in the near future shall be defined as transactional financial assets;
Non-derivative financial assets designated as fair value at initial recognition and whose changes are included in current profits and losses;
Non-derivative financial assets designated as available for sale at initial recognition;
For reasons other than the debtor's credit deterioration, it may be difficult for the holder to recover almost all the non-derivative financial assets of the initial investment, such as securities investment funds.
4 available-for-sale financial assets:
1, accounting principles for available-for-sale financial assets:
Available-for-sale financial assets shall be recorded at fair value plus transaction costs, and shall be subsequently measured at fair value.
Gains or losses arising from changes in fair value are included in owners' equity (capital reserve-other capital reserve), and transferred out when the financial asset is derecognized, and included in current profits and losses (investment income).
Exchange differences arising from available-for-sale foreign currency monetary financial assets are included in current profits and losses.
The interest of available-for-sale financial assets calculated by the effective interest rate method is included in the current profit and loss (investment income, etc.). );
Cash dividends invested in available-for-sale equity instruments are included in current profits and losses (investment income, etc.). ) When the investee announces dividends.
2 general accounting entries of available-for-sale financial assets
When obtaining available-for-sale financial assets
If it is equity investment, the entry is as follows:
Borrow: Available-for-sale financial assets-cost (purchase price-transaction cost of declared undistributed dividends)
dividend receivable
Loans: bank deposits
If it is a bond investment, the entry is adjusted as follows:
Borrow: Available-for-sale financial assets-cost (face value)
—Accrued interest
-Interest adjustment (premium)
interest receivable
Loans: bank deposits
3. General treatment of impairment of available-for-sale financial assets
Debit: Asset impairment loss
Loan: capital reserve-other capital reserve (original fair value net depreciation)
Available-for-sale financial assets-changes in fair value
When recoil:
Borrow: Available-for-sale financial assets-changes in fair value
Loans: Asset impairment losses
Available-for-sale financial assets are invested in equity instruments such as stocks (excluding equity instruments that are not quoted in an active market and whose fair value cannot be reliably measured):
Borrow: Available-for-sale financial assets-changes in fair value
Loan: capital reserve-other capital reserve
2. What is the difference between the accounting treatment of trading financial assets, held-to-maturity investments, loans and receivables, and available-for-sale financial assets?
◆ Transaction cost refers to the newly added external cost directly attributable to the purchase, issuance or disposal of financial instruments. New external expenses-refers to the expenses that will not occur if the enterprise does not purchase, issue or dispose of financial instruments. Transaction expenses include fees, commissions and other necessary expenses paid to agencies, consulting companies and brokers, excluding bond premiums, discounts, financing costs, internal management expenses and other expenses that are not directly related to the transaction. ◆ The price paid by an enterprise for obtaining financial assets includes cash dividends that have been declared but not yet paid, or bond interest that has reached the interest payment period but has not yet been received-it should be separately recognized as receivable items (dividends receivable or interest receivable). Gains or losses arising from changes in the value of four types of financial assets related to hedging, such as financial assets measured at fair value and whose changes are included in current profits and losses, held-to-maturity investments, loans and receivables, and available-for-sale financial assets, shall be treated according to the hedging accounting method.
III. Transactional financial assets, held-to-maturity investments, loans and receivables are available. ...
1, trading financial assets
Meet one of the following conditions, should be divided into trading financial assets:
① The purpose of obtaining this financial asset is mainly to sell it in the near future;
(2) It belongs to a kind of identifiable financial instrument portfolio under centralized management, and there is objective evidence that the enterprise recently managed the portfolio through short-term profit;
(3) Derivatives, such as treasury bonds futures, forward contracts, stock index futures, etc. If the change in fair value is greater than zero, it shall be recognized as a trading financial asset and included in the current profit and loss.
(2) Financial assets directly designated as fair value and whose changes are included in current profits and losses.
Only when one of the following conditions is met can it be defined as such financial assets:
① The designation can eliminate or significantly reduce the inconsistency in the recognition or measurement of related gains or losses caused by different measurement bases of financial assets or financial liabilities;
② The formal written document of enterprise risk management or investment strategy has explained that financial asset portfolio, financial liability portfolio or financial asset and financial liability portfolio are managed and evaluated on the basis of fair value and reported to key management personnel.
Initial measurement of transactional financial assets
(1) Entry cost = purchase price-declared undistributed dividend (or interest not received due);
(2) Transaction costs are included in the debit of investment income. Transaction cost refers to the new external cost directly generated by the purchase, issuance or disposal of financial instruments. Transaction expenses include fees, commissions and other necessary expenses paid to agencies, consulting companies and brokers, excluding bond premiums, discounts, financing costs, internal management expenses and other expenses that are not directly related to the transaction. In addition, the travel expenses incurred by enterprises for issuing financial instruments do not belong to the transaction expenses mentioned here.
General entries are as follows:
Debit: Trading financial assets-cost (measured at fair value)
Investment income (transaction cost)
Dividends receivable (interest receivable)
Loan: Bank deposit (paid total price)
Subsequent measurement of transactional financial assets
(1) accounting principles
Transactional financial assets are subsequently measured at fair value, and changes in fair value are included in current profits and losses.
② General accounting entries
A. when the fair value is greater than the book value:
Debit: Trading financial assets-changes in fair value
Credit: gains and losses from changes in fair value
B. When the fair value is lower than the book value:
Debit: gains and losses from changes in fair value
Loans: Trading Financial Assets-Changes in Fair Value
(3) When the dividend or interest is declared due
Debit: Dividend receivable (or interest receivable)
Loan: investment income
(4) When receiving dividends or interest,
Debit: bank deposit
Credit: Dividends receivable (interest receivable)
(5) At the time of disposal
Debit: Bank deposit (net selling price)
Gains and losses from changes in fair value (net increase in fair value during holding period)
Loan: Trading financial assets (book balance)
Investment income (inverted logo, loss recorded as debit, income recorded as credit. )
Gains and losses from changes in fair value (net depreciation of fair value during holding period)
2. held-to-maturity investment
(1) Definition of held-to-maturity investment
Held-to-maturity investment refers to non-derivative financial assets with fixed maturity date and fixed or determinable recovery amount, and the enterprise has clear intention and ability to hold them to maturity.
(2) Characteristics of held-to-maturity investment
① The maturity date is fixed, and the recovery amount is fixed or determinable.
② The enterprise has a clear intention of holding to maturity.
Under any of the following circumstances, it indicates that the enterprise has no clear intention to hold the investment in financial assets to maturity:
The term of holding the financial asset is uncertain;
B when the market interest rate changes, liquidity demand changes, alternative investment opportunities and their investment returns change, financing sources and conditions change, and foreign exchange risks change, the financial assets will be sold. Except for the sale of financial assets caused by uncontrollable, unpredictable and unreasonable independent events;
C. The issuer of the financial asset can pay off according to the amount obviously lower than its amortized cost;
(4) Other circumstances that show that the enterprise has no clear intention to hold the financial asset to maturity.
The bond redemption right of the issuer does not affect the definition of "held-to-maturity" investment intention, but the initiative of the investor cannot define its investment intention from held to maturity.
(3) Have the ability to hold it to maturity.
Under any of the following circumstances, it indicates that the enterprise cannot hold financial assets investment with a fixed term to maturity:
A. There are no available financial resources to continuously provide financial support for the financial asset investment, so that the financial asset investment can be held to maturity;
(2) Due to the restrictions of laws and administrative regulations, it is difficult for the enterprise to hold the investment in the financial assets until maturity;
C. other circumstances.
(3) The impact of disposal or reclassification before maturity on the remaining non-derivative financial assets held.
The disposal or reclassification of held-to-maturity investment by an enterprise before maturity usually indicates that it violates the original intention of held-to-maturity investment. If the financial assets disposed of or reclassified as other financial assets are greater than the total investment before the sale or reclassification, the enterprise shall immediately reclassify the remaining held-to-maturity investments as available-for-sale financial assets after the disposal or reclassification.
However, there are the following exceptions:
① The sale date or reclassification date is closer to the maturity date or redemption date of the investment (such as within three months before maturity), and the change of market interest rate has no significant impact on the fair value of the investment.
(2) After almost all the initial principal of the investment is recovered through regular repayment or early repayment as agreed in the contract, the remaining part is sold or reclassified.
(3) The sale or reclassification is caused by an independent event that the enterprise cannot control, is not expected to happen repeatedly and is difficult to reasonably predict. This situation mainly includes:
A. The held-to-maturity investment is sold due to the serious deterioration of the credit status of the investee;
B. The held-to-maturity investment is sold because the relevant tax laws and regulations cancel the pre-tax deduction policy of the held-to-maturity investment interest, or greatly reduce the pre-tax deduction amount;
C. Selling the held-to-maturity investment in order to maintain the current interest rate risk position or maintain the current credit risk policy due to major enterprise merger or major disposal;
D. Selling the held-to-maturity investment due to major adjustment of the permitted investment scope or investment limit of specific investment varieties by laws and administrative regulations;
E the held-to-maturity investment shall be sold due to the requirement of the regulatory authorities to greatly improve the liquidity of assets or greatly increase the risk weight of the held-to-maturity investment in the calculation of capital adequacy ratio.
3. Loans and accounts receivable
(1) Definition of loans and receivables
Loans and receivables refer to non-derivative financial assets that are not quoted in an active market and have a fixed or determinable recovery amount. For example: commercial banks lend money; Commercial purchase loans; Bonds/bills with no active market held by commercial banks; Accounts receivable of industrial and commercial enterprises, etc.
(2) Characteristics of loans and receivables
Such assets have the following characteristics:
① The recovery amount is fixed or determinable.
② There is no active market, which is the main difference between loans and receivables and held-to-maturity investments, that is, held-to-maturity investments have quotations in active markets, while loans and receivables do not.
(3) Assets not belonging to loans and receivables
① Non-derivative financial assets that will be sold immediately or in the near future shall be defined as transactional financial assets;
(2) Non-derivative financial assets designated at fair value at the time of initial recognition and whose changes are included in current profits and losses;
③ Non-derivative financial assets designated as available for sale at initial recognition;
④ For reasons other than the debtor's credit deterioration, it may be difficult for the holder to recover almost all the non-derivative financial assets of the initial investment, such as securities investment funds.
Knowledge point seven. Principles of Accounting Treatment for Loans and Receivables
Accounting treatment of loans and receivables
Principles of Accounting Treatment for Loans and Receivables
① The financial enterprise shall take the sum of the loan principal and related transaction costs as the initial confirmation amount;
② Creditor's rights receivable usually take the contract or agreement price as the initial confirmation amount;
③ The loan interest income should be calculated according to the actual interest rate;
(4) When an enterprise recovers or disposes of loans and receivables, the difference between the obtained price and the book value of loans and receivables is included in the current profit and loss.
4, available-for-sale financial assets
(1) Accounting Principles for Available-for-Sale Financial Assets
① Available-for-sale financial assets are recorded at fair value plus transaction costs, and subsequently measured at fair value.
② Gains or losses caused by changes in fair value are included in owners' equity (capital reserve-other capital reserve), and transferred out when the financial asset is derecognized, and included in current profits and losses (investment income).
③ Exchange differences arising from available-for-sale foreign currency monetary financial assets are included in current profits and losses.
④ The interest of available-for-sale financial assets calculated by the effective interest rate method is included in the current profit and loss (investment income, etc.). ); Cash dividends generated from available-for-sale equity instruments are included in current profits and losses (investment income, etc.). ) When the investee announces dividends.
(2) General accounting entries of available-for-sale financial assets
① When obtaining available-for-sale financial assets
If it is equity investment, the entry is as follows:
Borrow: Available-for-sale financial assets-cost (purchase price-transaction cost of declared undistributed dividends)
dividend receivable
Loans: bank deposits
If it is a bond investment, the entry is adjusted as follows:
Borrow: Available-for-sale financial assets-cost (face value)
—Accrued interest
-Interest adjustment (premium)
interest receivable
Loans: bank deposits
Available-for-sale financial assets-interest adjustment (discount)
② Interest accrual of available-for-sale bonds
For the accounting of held-to-maturity investment, it is only necessary to replace the general ledger account with "available-for-sale financial assets".
③ On the balance sheet date, adjust the value of available-for-sale financial assets at fair value:
A. If it is equity investment
When the fair value at the end of the period is higher than the book value at this time:
Borrow: Available-for-sale financial assets-changes in fair value
Loan: capital reserve-other capital reserve
When the fair value at the end of the period is lower than the book value at this time:
On the other hand.
B. if it is a bond investment,
The fair value at the end of the period is higher than that in amortized cost.
Borrow: Available-for-sale financial assets-changes in fair value
Loan: capital reserve-other capital reserve
If it is below, the opposite is true.
It should be noted that the adjustment of fair value does not affect the calculation of interest income in each period, that is, the calculation method of interest income in each period is always the initial amortized cost multiplied by the original internal rate of return.
④ General treatment of impairment of available-for-sale financial assets.
Debit: Asset impairment loss
Loan: capital reserve-other capital reserve (original fair value net depreciation)
Available-for-sale financial assets-changes in fair value
When recoil:
Borrow: Available-for-sale financial assets-changes in fair value
Loans: Asset impairment losses
Available-for-sale financial assets are invested in equity instruments such as stocks (excluding equity instruments that are not quoted in an active market and whose fair value cannot be reliably measured):
Borrow: Available-for-sale financial assets-changes in fair value
Loan: capital reserve-other capital reserve
⑤ When the held-to-maturity investment is reclassified as available-for-sale financial assets,
⑥ When selling available-for-sale financial assets,
A. if it is a bond investment.
Debit: bank deposit
Capital reserve-other capital reserve (adjustment of fair value during holding period can be debited or credited)
Loans: Available-for-sale financial assets-cost
-Changes in fair value (adjustments to fair value during the holding period can be credited or debited)
-Interest adjustment
-Accrued interest
Investment income (backward extrusion, possibly debit or credit. )
B. If it is equity investment
Debit: bank deposit
Capital reserve-other capital reserve (adjustment of fair value during holding period can be debited or credited)
Loans: Available-for-sale financial assets-cost
-Changes in fair value (adjustments to fair value during holding period may be debited)
Investment income (backward extrusion, possibly debit or credit. )