"Preface to Biography of Huo Zhi" is from Sima Qian's original text, and Lao Tzu said, "The ultimate rule is that neighboring countries face each other, and the news of chickens and dogs is heard. People are willing to eat their own food, dress beautifully, keep their own customs and enjoy their careers until they die. " If we must take this as a service, we can attract the eyes and ears of modern people, and then there will be fewer lines.
Tai Shigong said: Before Fu Shennong, I didn't know myself. Since the summer, as described in poems and books, my eyes and ears are eager to look good and listen well, my mouth is eager for low taste, my body is comfortable, and my heart is proud of potential energy.
It made vulgarity gradually popular for a long time. Although people say it is embarrassing, it cannot be changed. Therefore, if a good person does it, he will benefit it, if he teaches it, he will be neat, and the bottom will compete with it.
Fujian is rich in timber, bamboo, bamboo and jade, Shandong is rich in fish, salt, lacquer, silk and timbre, and Jiangnan is rich in bangzi, ginger, cinnamon, gold, tin, lotus, cinnabar, rhinoceros, tortoise shell, pearl, tooth and leather. Copper and iron are thousands of miles away. This one is bigger, too.
They are all loved by the people of China, and they are well-fed and have tools for life and death. Therefore, it is dangerous to wait for farmers to eat, and it is done by working and doing business.
Is there a period of political and religious levy in Jinning? Everyone is allowed to do what he can and try his best to get what he wants. So cheap things are expensive, and expensive things are cheap. Everyone suggests his industry and enjoys it. If he goes underwater, he will come uninvited, and the people will come uninvited.
Isn't it a symbol of Tao, but a test of evil by nature? "Zhou Shu" said: "Without agriculture, there will be food shortage; If you can't get out of work, you will lack things; If there is no business, there will be three treasures; If you can't get out of danger, you will have less money. " There is little money, but mountains and rivers can't open.
These four things are the source of food and clothing for the people. It turns out that the big one is forgiveness, and the small one is fresh.
The upper class has money, and the lower class has money. The way of the rich and the poor, don't take it, the skillful one is more than enough, and the humble one is insufficient.
Therefore, King Taigong was sealed in Yingshan, the land was barren and there were few people, so Taigong advised her to be a woman, extremely skilled, and pass the fish and salt barrier. When the characters arrived, they would return to it and converge. Therefore, Guan Qi wears clothes and shoes all over the world, and Haidai spends his leisure time in the DPRK.
After that, the State of Qi declined, managed and established nine clans, so the Duke of Huan was the hero and nine Wang Ping ruled the world. The Guan family also has three returns, and it is in the position of accompanying ministers among the kings of various countries, and it is extremely rich. Therefore, Qi Fuqiang, as for.
Therefore, as the saying goes, "granary knows etiquette, food and clothing know honor and disgrace." Rites are born with something, but abandoned with nothing.
Therefore, a gentleman is rich and good at his virtue; Little people have money and can do what they can. Deep and fish live, mountains are deep and beasts go, and people are rich and benevolent.
Rich people get benefits and lose benefits, but the guests are not happy. Yidi is very helpful.
As the saying goes, "the son of a thousand daughters will never die in the market." This is not empty talk.
Therefore: "the world is bustling, all for profit; All the soil in the world is beneficial. " The king of thousands of people, the king of thousands of families and the king of hundreds of rooms are still suffering from poverty, but the situation is that almost all the people who form a family.
2. The words describing the economy are prosperity, prosperity, prosperity, prosperity, prosperity, prosperity, prosperity, prosperity, prosperity.
Prosperity, the people are rich and the country is strong, and everything is renewed.
People don't live, people don't live, the country is poor and the people are poor, people don't live, people don't live.
Desperate, I painted cakes to fill my hunger, and I was hungry and hungry.
○ The people are rich and the country is strong.
○ Kang Min Five Blessingg: Fu: Geng. People are safe and rich in products. Describe the scene of social stability and economic prosperity.
○ Rich country Qiang Bing: Make the country rich and strong.
○ Self-sufficiency: Give: Supply. Depend on your own production to meet your own needs.
○ Longevity: Longevity. Describe a scene of peace and prosperity.
○ Living and working in peace and contentment: safety: stability; Music: love, happiness; Industry: occupation. To live and work in peace and contentment.
3. In ancient times, the word economy meant 1, and "managing the country to help the world" was the source of the word economy.
Many Chinese words are directly from Japan. (For example, the revolution was first used by the Japanese, but it was never used in ancient China. ) Economy was invented by the Japanese when they translated English economy into Japanese. 2. In ancient Chinese in China, the word "Ji" is a synthesis and simplification of the words "governing the country", "benefiting the people", "governing the country" and "benefiting the people", which means "governing the country and leveling the world".
The content includes not only how the state manages financial and other economic activities, but also how the state handles political, legal, educational and military issues. The word "Jing" contained in "Governing the world and helping the people" has been spread from China to Japan for a long time.
Western economics was introduced to China and Japan in the19th century. Japanese Kanda Xiaoping first translated economics into "economics" and China Yanfu translated it into "livelihood".
Since 1980s, economics has gradually become the general name of all kinds of economic disciplines, with the meaning of economic science. 3. History of world economic development: Economics, as an independent science, was formed in the process of the emergence and development of capitalism.
Before the emergence of capitalist society, some economic thoughts were formed on some economic phenomena and problems at that time, but they did not form a system. Among the nations and countries famous for their long history and civilization, China, ancient Greece, ancient Rome and Western Europe have the richest historical documents preserved in the Middle Ages.
They are two independent cultural systems, both of which have made important contributions to economic thought. Economic thoughts of ancient Greece, ancient Rome and medieval Western Europe. The main contributions of ancient Greece in economic thought are Xenophon's economic theory, Plato's social division of labor theory and Aristotle's theory of commodity exchange and currency.
Xenophon's Economic Theory discusses how slave owners manage family farms and how to increase wealth with practical value. Xenophon attached great importance to agriculture, believing that agriculture was the best occupation of Greek freemen, which had an impact on the economic thought of ancient Rome and later the French middle-class agricultural school.
In the Republic, Plato investigated the necessity of social division of labor from three aspects: the theory of human nature, the principle of state organization and the production of use value, and thought that division of labor was a natural phenomenon necessary for human nature and economic life. This analysis is basically consistent with Guan Zhong's theory of "four points" in ancient China and Mencius' theory of "merits are easy to pass, and admiration is used to make up for deficiencies".
Aristotle pointed out in Politics and Ethics that every object has two purposes: one is direct use, and the other is exchange with other objects. He also expounded the historical development of commodity exchange and the role of money as a medium of exchange, pointing out that money plays an equivalent role in all commodities, thus becoming the earliest scholar to analyze the value form and monetary nature of commodities. The economic thoughts of ancient Rome are partly found in the works of several famous thinkers such as Tagato and Varo.
The contribution of ancient Rome to economic thought is mainly the thought of property, contract and natural law in Roman law. There were twelve bronze watches in the early days of ancient Rome, and in the later imperial period, there were civil laws applicable to Roman citizens-civil law and civil law applicable to all nationalities in the empire.
In these laws, there are clear explanations for property rights, contractual relationships and related relationships such as buying and selling, lending and debt. The universal principles and natural rationality on which the law of nations is based gradually formed the thought of natural law, which became an important source of the thought of natural law and natural order in the early capitalist period.
Although Western Europe experienced thousands of years in the Middle Ages, the feudal system was really established in 1 1 century. Medieval academic thought was monopolized by the church, forming the so-called scholasticism.
Scholasticism mainly demonstrates religious theology in the form of philosophy, but it also contains some economic thoughts to demonstrate whether a certain economic relationship or behavior is legal or fair. Later, due to the development of commodity economy and the rise of cities, the church had to answer two important questions in society at that time: one was the legitimacy of loan interest, and the other was the fairness of exchange price.
It is against the doctrine to borrow interest, and the church has repeatedly banned it. However, due to the reality of a large number of private loans, the scholastic school had to adopt a conciliatory attitude.
Among medieval theologians, Albert the Great was the first to discuss fair prices. He believes that the fair price equals the cost, and the market price cannot be lower than the cost for a long time. There were no convincing views on these two issues in the Middle Ages, but they put forward research topics for later economists.
4. China's ancient economic thought: Because the economic and political system of feudal society in China has its own characteristics. Compared with western ancient economic thought, it has its own characteristics besides attaching importance to agricultural production and social division of labor.
In this regard, there are mainly ideas such as "Taoism is natural", righteousness and benefit, enriching the country, taxation, parity, luxury and thrift. Taoism is naturally the economic thought of Taoism.
Starting from natural philosophy, Taoism advocates that economic activities should follow the laws of nature, that quietism and "a small country with few people" are opposed to the ritual system advocated by Confucianism and the criminal politics advocated by Legalists at that time. This economic thought of Taoism later spread to Western Europe, which had a certain influence on the thought of natural law and natural order prevailing in Western Europe in the17-18th century.
The thought of righteousness and benefit is a theory about the relationship between people's profit-seeking activities and moral norms. "Profit" mainly refers to material interests, while "righteousness" refers to the moral norms that people should follow in their actions.
Confucianism values righteousness over profit, which has become a rigid dogma that has long bound people's thoughts, hindered people's discussion and demonstration of seeking profit and wealth, and also affected the development of China's commodity economy to a certain extent. Ancient thinkers in China put forward various ideas or policies to make the centralized feudal country rich and strong.
Confucius' students put forward the idea that "food is the sky for the people and food is the sky for the monarch", which is the early Confucian thought of enriching the country. After Shang Yang's political reform, he put forward the policy of enriching Qiang Bing and "emphasizing the foundation and restraining the end".
Shang Yang and later Han Fei believed that agriculture is the foundation of food and clothing and the source of soldiers, and developing agricultural production is the only way for a country to become rich and strong. At the same time, they think that industry and commerce is the last industry, which is easy to make profits. If not restricted, it will make.