In our daily life, we often find this situation. When the bus goes out, we will anchor a line first, but we just won't come. At this time, there are other routes, taxis and other options. But I still prefer the initial choice. I thought, "I've been waiting for so long, so I have to keep waiting, or I won't waste the time I spent before?"

Our practice is actually stupid, which is a typical sunk cost effect.

Waiting for the bus to determine the route is a cost that I can't make up, but it affects my decision. I would rather wait than make a choice. ...

The same is true when you are in love. The other party resolutely broke up. You think, "It's been a year, and you've paid so much. How can it end easily? " ……Ta ................................................................................................................................................................................ It's not stupid. What is this?

Let bygones be bygones. If you can't put the pain and sacrifice of the past behind you, what's the difference between that and going to jail?

2. Egoism in attribution bias

Egoistic attribution bias means: when you succeed, you feel that you are responsible for most of yourself; If you fail, throw the pot to others or the external environment. It means that people tend to think it is their own fault when they succeed, and tend to think it is because of other people or environmental factors when they fail.

Throwing the pot at someone else, such as a couple having a conflict, we all tend to think that the other person is looking for trouble and provoking a quarrel. ...

Throw the pot to the external environment, for example, Xiao Ming takes a math test, and if he does well in the test, he may think he is smart;

If you don't do well in the exam, you may feel that the topic is too difficult, the test paper is too strict, the teacher didn't talk about it, and the exam arrangement is unreasonable. You may even think that you didn't do well in the exam because you reviewed fake books. How many of us don't want to make progress, throw the pot to the outside world when we fail, but always refuse to pull out the thorns on ourselves!

In the end, I am the most witty in my own eyes, but in fact? In this case, no matter how high your achievements are, there are many external factors to be thankful for.

People should keep a modest attitude, and things can succeed, and don't feel that they are all responsible. In the case of failure, it is necessary to objectively analyze whether there is any need for review and improvement in the process. Only in this way can we make continuous progress and reach new heights.

3. Overconfidence theory.

If you price reading correctly and understand the importance of reading … you may fall into another deviation.

For example, I must read 100 this year, otherwise my friends will praise you and give me praise. I will read some books this year.

Psychologists call people's charming self-confidence overconfidence bias.

It's not that they are not confident, but that they are too confident to make a detailed reading plan. ...

Finally, they slapped their faces and were decadent for another year. They have long forgotten the slogan of one year ago and entered the reincarnation of the next year ... These people are overconfident to the point of naivety, thinking that they can achieve something by shouting slogans and fighting for blood.

4. Actor-observer bias

Actor-observer bias means that when we observe the behavior of others, we tend to blame others' personality and ignore the influence of the situation.

Look at those cyber mobs. Two years ago, Chai Jing's Under the Dome caused controversy. Some people say that Chai Jing actually smokes. Some people say she is a mistress. Some people say that she gave birth to a child in America, so she is a traitor. ...

They tried their best to prove that Chai Jing was immoral and influenced and betrayed the country.

These people never consider what Chai Jing's point of view is, but judge her character and moral character according to all kinds of second-hand information, or fabricate facts, or make shadows, and then attract a large wave of people to nod and praise. What you say without thinking will only spit people out, never think about the value of the point of view itself, and never verify the source of the news. Nothing is more stupid than this.

5. Wrong pricing

Your pricing of a thing is the value you think it brings to you. The reason for the wrong pricing deviation is that many people only price the short-term value of a thing.

For example, a company hired you at a high salary. Do you want it? Many people can't resist the temptation.

Without thinking, in the long run:

Is there enough room for growth in this position?

Does this company have a future?

Is this industry prosperous?

There are many such examples. ...

I know I want to lose weight, but I still can't help eating fried chicken; Obviously, I will repay the loan next year, but I still can't help but visit the brand store; Clearly know that video games can be played for leisure, but in the minds of many college students, the price of games is extremely high. They don't consider playing games because of the pursuit of instant pleasure.

If you don't see the value in the short term, you will give up treatment; The game, after a short pleasure, was played very hard. In the end, the game is king, but life becomes a loser.

6. Survivor bias

We often see such reports: What is the secret of attacking the CEO of a company with a monthly salary of 3,000 yuan and a valuation of 3 billion yuan?

In the new media era, such titles are common, right?

When you open an article, you will usually tell a story of diaosi's counterattack first, and then summarize 123 truths to tell readers that this is the secret. ...

Is his summary of experience valuable?

Of course, it has reference value, but it would be foolish to take these truths as the truth of life.

Psychologists call it "survivor bias". Among the 1 10,000 people with a monthly salary of 3,000 in Qian Qian, only he is a survivor. He was reported by the media, and the other 99.9% people died.

Most people only see the great truth told by successful people, but they can't see the methodology, resources, family background, contacts and even luck behind them.

7. Backward vision deviation

Gay men may have met such people and watched the ball game with them, but they didn't say a word about various predictions before the game. As soon as the game was over, they began to analyze: "Haha, I knew Team A would win, because …"

This seemingly clever analysis, which psychologists call backward bias, means that their analysis afterwards is probably nonsense.

The reason is that it is much easier to analyze afterwards than to predict beforehand. Unfortunately, you have a boss who looks back. ...

He said, when you do something, I know it can be done, and then I won't give you enough in return;

You screwed up, he immediately said with a straight face. I told you to quit and then deducted your salary.

Alas, hindsight is wise. Like the pig before, can it be more stupid?

How to avoid people's stupid cognitive bias correctly?

There are so many cognitive biases, how to avoid them?

Psychologists summed up the answer, there are three steps to stay away from cognitive bias:

1, change metacognition

Recognizing the existence of cognitive bias itself can weaken its influence.

This process is actually to call your metacognitive ability, that is, to reflect on the thinking process: only when you realize the existence of deviation in the thinking process can you change it, and metacognition presses the stop button for the thinking process.

2. We should sit in the right position and reflect frequently.

It is not enough to realize that cognitive biases in reality are often hidden, so we must contact our own real experiences.

For example: What deviations have I made in the past? Remember to avoid the same situation in the future.

3. Calm down and slow down.

Every day, you can see such a title: a few classes subvert your cognition, a few days teach you a tenfold increase in your monthly salary, and several secrets teach you to be a master ... Numerous courses and articles claim to subvert your three views, so you are moved. Click Buy to quickly feel the feeling of subverting the three views. Lovely three views are like building blocks, subverted and eventually disintegrated. This era is too fast, it encourages you to succeed quickly, encourages you to buy quickly, encourages you to think quickly ... Merchants can only manipulate your wallet by using human nature, psychological traps and cognitive biases.

So I suggest you: before making any decision, give yourself some time to think, calm down, slow down and seriously think about the deep experience. Only in this way can we avoid falling into the trap of cognitive bias. At the same time, we are constantly caught in the trap of cognitive bias. Is it a cognitive bias?