First, the first way to extend the meaning of words is: because the meaning of words is flexibly used in a specific context to extend the temporary meaning from the inherent meaning, it will form a new meaning of words after its convention. In this way, there are the following four extension ways:
1. Similar extension. Similar extension means that the extended meaning and the original meaning are similar in nature, characteristics and functions. That is, two different things are similar, and words express one thing by analogy to express another.
2. Inclusion and extension. Inclusive extension refers to the relationship between extended meaning and original meaning, which has the relationship of inclusion and inclusion in the scope of meaning. Specifically, it is either the specific and general reference of the same era, or the expansion and contraction of the scope of meaning in different times.
3. Positive and negative extension. Positive and negative extension refers to the opposite or relative relationship between extended meaning and original meaning within the same meaning range. For example, "loan" means "lending".
4. Joint extension. Joint extension is a way of extension with the largest capacity. There are many cases of the joint relationship between extended meaning and original meaning, or things and their joint things, or things and their joint attributes.
second, the second way to extend the meaning of a word is that language rhetoric produces new rhetorical meanings from inherent words in a specific context, and after its convention, it becomes a meaning of a word. In this way, there are the following three extension ways:
1. Metaphorical extension. Metaphor is different from metaphor. Metaphor is only a temporary metaphor, and its meaning is temporary. Once it leaves a specific context, its temporary meaning does not exist, while figurative meaning is a conventional extended meaning fixed in the word meaning. The process of figurative meaning is that the original meaning of a word is used as a metaphor, the compared thing is used as an ontology, and the meaning of the ontology is transformed into extended meaning after convention.
2. metonymy extension. Metonymy extension refers to the metonymic relationship between extended meaning and original meaning. Metonymy is different from metonymy. Metonymy is only a temporary change of name, while metonymy is a permanent pronoun fixed in the meaning of words. The process of metonymy takes the original meaning of the word as the borrowing body, and the meaning of the ontology is transformed into the extended meaning of the word after the convention is established.
3. Symbolic extension. Symbolic extension refers to the symbolic relationship between extended meaning and original meaning. Symbolic meaning is different from symbol. Symbol is only temporary, and symbolic meaning is permanent meaning fixed in words after convention.