1, asset-liability ratio
Asset-liability ratio = total liabilities/total assets
Asset-liability ratio is an important symbol to measure the debt level and risk degree of enterprises.
? It is generally believed that the appropriate level of asset-liability ratio is 40-60%. But different analysts have different requirements for asset-liability ratio. And the industry differences are obvious.
(1) Whether the numerator should include current liabilities in the calculation of asset-liability ratio is controversial;
Opponents believe that because short-term liabilities are not the source of long-term funds, if they are included, they cannot well reflect the "long-term" liabilities of enterprises.
Supporters believe that short-term debt is long-term from the long-term dynamic process, such as the whole of "accounts payable", in fact, it is a "permanent" part of the source of funds for enterprises.
(2) The report analysts with different asset-liability ratio indicators have different views.
Creditor's position: the lower the asset-liability ratio, the better. Creditors are concerned about whether the money lent to the enterprise can be fully recovered on time.
Equity investors (shareholders): Due to the existence of leverage, the asset-liability ratio should be higher. (Before tax payment of debt interest, enterprises can obtain financial leverage income, but the higher the better. When the total capital profit rate is higher than the debt interest rate, the higher the debt ratio, the better; On the contrary, the lower the debt ratio, the better. )
Operator: The risks and benefits are balanced, so the asset-liability ratio should be moderate.
Empirical research shows that there are significant industry differences in asset-liability ratio, and we should pay attention to the comparison with the industry average when analyzing this ratio. (When comparing with other enterprises, we should also pay attention to the consistency of calculation caliber)
When using this index to analyze the long-term solvency, we should combine the overall economic situation, industry development trend, market environment and other comprehensive judgments. The analysis should also refer to other index values.
2. Property right ratio
Property right ratio = total liabilities/total owner's equity (i.e. total net assets)
Or:
Equity ratio = liabilities/owner's equity =
Liabilities/(assets-liabilities)
= (Liabilities/Assets)/(Assets/Assets-Liabilities/Assets)
= (liabilities/assets) /( 1- liabilities/assets), that is, the ratio of property rights = asset-liability ratio /( 1- asset-liability ratio)
The ratio of property rights mainly reflects the ability of owners' equity to bear the debt risk, which is just another form of asset-liability ratio. The analysis method of property right ratio is similar to the analysis method of asset-liability ratio. Problems that should be paid attention to in the analysis of asset-liability ratio should also be paid attention to in the analysis of property right ratio. For example, when comparing the proportion of property rights between this enterprise and other enterprises, we should pay attention to whether the calculation caliber is consistent.
The solvency reflected by the proportion of property rights is guaranteed by net assets.
3. Tangible net debt ratio
Tangible net debt ratio = total liabilities/(shareholders' or owners' equity-net intangible assets)
The reason why intangible assets are deducted from shareholders' equity is that from a conservative point of view, these assets will not provide any resources for creditors.
It mainly explains the extent to which creditors are protected when an enterprise goes bankrupt.
The debt ratio of tangible net assets is mainly used to measure the degree of risk and solvency of enterprises. The greater this indicator, the greater the risk; On the contrary, the smaller. Similarly, the smaller the index, the stronger the long-term solvency of enterprises, and vice versa.
The analysis of the debt ratio of tangible net assets can be carried out from the following aspects:
? First, the debt ratio of tangible net assets reveals the relationship between total liabilities and tangible net assets, which can measure how much tangible property protection creditors can get when enterprises go bankrupt and liquidate. From the perspective of long-term solvency, the lower the index, the better.
? Second, the biggest feature of the tangible net debt ratio index is to deduct intangible assets from the net assets that can be used to repay debts. This is mainly because the measurement of intangible assets lacks reliable basis and cannot be used as a resource to repay debts.
? 3. The debt ratio analysis of tangible net assets is the same as that of property right ratio, and the ratio of total liabilities to tangible net assets should be maintained at 1: 1.
? Fourthly, when using the ratio of property rights, we must make further analysis with the index of tangible net debt ratio. ...& gt& gt
Question 2: How to look at and calculate the balance sheet? I. Fill in the items in the balance sheet
(1) The figures in the column of year-beginning figures in the report shall be filled in according to the figures listed in the column of year-end figures in the balance sheet at the end of last year. If the names and contents of items in this year's balance sheet are inconsistent with those of last year, the names and figures of items in the balance sheet at the end of last year shall be adjusted according to the caliber of this year, and filled in the column at the beginning of the report.
(2) Contents and filling methods of other items in the report:
1. Monetary fund item, reflecting the total amount of cash on hand, deposits from bank settlement households, deposits in different places, deposits from bank drafts, deposits from cashier's checks and funds in transit.
2. Short-term investment projects, reflecting all kinds of securities that can be realized at any time and held for no more than 1 year and other investments that do not exceed 1 year.
3. Notes receivable items reflect notes receivable that have not been received by the enterprise and have not been discounted to the bank, including commercial acceptance bills and bank acceptance bills.
4. Accounts receivable items, reflecting all kinds of money that enterprises should collect from purchasing units for selling products and providing services.
5. Bad debt provision items, reflecting that the enterprise has accrued bad debt provision that has not been resold.
6. Prepayments reflect the amount paid by enterprises to suppliers in advance.
7. Subsidies receivable reflect various subsidies receivable by enterprises.
8. Other receivables reflect the accounts receivable and temporary payments of enterprises to other units and individuals.
9. Inventory items, reflecting the actual cost of various inventories of enterprises at the end of the period, including raw materials, packaging materials, low-value consumables, self-made semi-finished products, finished products, commodities issued by stages, etc.
10. The prepaid expenses reflect the expenses that the enterprise has spent but should be amortized in the future. The start-up expenses of the enterprise, the improvement and overhaul expenses of the leased fixed assets, and other deferred expenses with amortization period exceeding 1 year should be reflected in the deferred assets in this table, and are not included in the figures of this project.
1 1. The net loss of current assets to be disposed of reflects the net loss of current assets to be sold or disposed of by other enterprises after deducting the profit from the loss and damage.
12. Other current assets reflect the actual cost of other current assets except the above-mentioned current assets.
13. Long-term investment projects, reflecting the investment that the enterprise is not prepared to realize within 1 year. Bonds due in 1 year of long-term investment should be separately reflected in the long-term bond investment projects due in the next year under the current assets category.
14. The original price items and accumulated depreciation items of fixed assets reflect the original price and accumulated depreciation of various fixed assets of the enterprise. Fixed assets leased by financing are also included in the original price and depreciation before the property right is determined. The original price of fixed assets leased by financing should be reflected separately in the supplementary information at the bottom of this table.
15. The fixed assets cleaning project reflects the net value of the fixed assets transferred to cleaning by the enterprise due to reasons such as sale, damage and scrapping, as well as the difference of various amounts such as cleaning expenses and incomings in the process of cleaning the fixed assets.
16. Construction in progress reflects the actual expenditure of unfinished projects and the actual cost of unused engineering materials at the end of the period, including the value of equipment delivered and installed, materials consumed by unfinished construction and installation projects, wages and expenses, prepaid outsourcing project price, completed but not delivered construction and installation projects and actual cost of unused engineering materials.
17. The net loss of fixed assets to be processed reflects the balance of the net loss of fixed assets found by the enterprise in the inventory of assets to be approved for resale or other treatment after deducting the inventory surplus.
18. Intangible assets project, reflecting intangible assets of enterprises ... >>
Question 3: How does UFIDA view the balance sheet, and how does UFIDA view the balance sheet information report data-generate the report?
Question 4: How to look at the company's balance sheet and income statement?
The balance sheet is an accounting statement that reflects all assets, liabilities and owners' equity of the company on a specific date (the end of the month and the end of the year). Its basic structure is "assets = liabilities+owners' equity". No matter what state the company is in, this accounting balance is always the same. The left side reflects the resources owned by the company; The right side reflects the requirements of different owners of the company for these resources. Creditors can claim all the resources of the company, and the company is liable to different creditors with all its assets. After paying all liabilities, what remains is owner's equity, which is the company's net assets.
Using the data in the balance sheet, we can see the distribution of assets and liabilities and the composition of owners' equity, so as to evaluate whether the company's capital operation and financial structure are normal and reasonable; Analyze the company's liquidity or liquidity, as well as the amount and solvency of long-term and short-term debts, and evaluate the company's ability to take risks; The information provided by this table is also helpful to calculate the profitability of the company and evaluate its operating performance.
When analyzing the balance sheet elements, we should first pay attention to the analysis of asset elements, including:
Analysis of current assets of 1 Analyze the company's cash, various deposits, short-term investments, various receivables and payables, inventory, etc. The current assets are higher than in previous years, indicating that the company's ability to pay and liquidate is enhanced.
2 Long-term investment analysis. Analysis of investments for more than one year, such as company holding and diversification. The increase in long-term investment shows that the company's growth prospects are promising.
3 fixed assets analysis. This is an analysis of physical assets. The figures of fixed assets listed in the balance sheet only indicate the amount of fixed assets that have not been depreciated and lost under the conditions of going concern and are expected to be recovered in the future. Therefore, we should pay special attention to whether depreciation and loss are reasonable or not, which will directly affect the accuracy of statements such as balance sheet and income statement. Obviously, less depreciation will increase the current profit. However, more depreciation will reduce the current profits, and some companies often lay the groundwork for this.
4 Analysis of intangible assets. It mainly analyzes trademark right, copyright, land use right, non-patented technology, goodwill, patent right and so on. Goodwill and other intangible assets without clear reference are generally not recorded unless goodwill is formed at the time of purchase or merger. After acquiring intangible assets, they should be registered and amortized within the prescribed time limit.
Secondly, it is necessary to analyze the elements of liabilities, including two aspects:
Analysis of current liabilities of 1. All current liabilities should be accounted for according to the actual amount incurred. The key to analysis is to avoid omissions, and all liabilities should be reflected in the balance sheet.
2 Long-term debt analysis. Including long-term loans, bonds payable, long-term payables, etc. Due to the different forms of long-term liabilities, we should pay attention to the analysis and understanding of corporate creditors.
Finally, analyze shareholders' rights and interests, including share capital, capital reserve, surplus reserve and undistributed profit. The analysis of shareholders' equity is mainly to understand the different forms and ownership structure of invested capital in shareholders' equity, and to understand the priority payment order of each element in shareholders' equity. When looking at the balance sheet, we should combine the income statement, which mainly involves capital gains and inventory turnover. The former is an indicator of profitability, while the latter is an indicator of operational capability.
How to read the income statement
The income statement is based on "revenue-expense = profit", which mainly reflects the company's net income after deducting operating expenses in a certain period of time. Through the income statement, we can roughly evaluate the operating performance and management success of listed companies, thus evaluating the investment value and return of investors. The income statement includes two aspects: first, it reflects the company's income and expenses, and explains the company's profit and loss amount in a certain period, so as to analyze the company's economic benefits and profitability and evaluate the company's operating performance; The other part reflects the sources of the company's financial achievements, and explains the proportion of the company's various profit sources in the total profit and the relationship between these sources. Analysis of the income statement, mainly from two aspects:
1. Analysis of income items. The company obtains all kinds of operating income by selling products and providing services, and can also provide resources for others to use and obtain non-operating income such as rent and interest. An increase in income means an increase in assets or a decrease in liabilities.
The income account includes cash income, bills receivable or accounts receivable received in the current period, and is recorded according to the actual amount received or book value.
2. Cost project analysis. Expense is the deduction of income.
Question 5: How to treat the total assets of the enterprise in the balance sheet? The total assets of an enterprise are the ending number of the total assets on the left side of the balance sheet.
Question 6: How to look at the balance sheet and examine the relationship between financial statements? From the left side of the balance sheet, we can see the monetary funds that can be used by enterprises, that is, cash and bank deposits, that is, money that can be paid at any time.
Look at accounts receivable, refers to the amount owed by the company.
Inventory refers to the book value of goods in stock, and the sum of these items is the current assets of the enterprise.
Then there are fixed assets, intangible assets and so on.
The right side reflects the liabilities of the enterprise, and the general accounts payable represent the money owed by the company to suppliers.
Payable salary refers to the monthly salary payable to employees in the report.
Taxes payable and other payables refer to taxes payable this month. These are the liabilities of the enterprise.
Owners' rights and interests refer to the rights and interests that business owners should enjoy. Generally speaking, it refers to the funds that owners can use for distribution, and the paid-in capital usually refers to the registered capital at the initial stage of the company's establishment.
Undistributed profit is the accumulated profit of this year, which is the profit distribution data at the beginning plus the accumulated net profit in the income statement.
Question 7: How to check the company's balance sheet on Sina? That's all about corporate finance. This is used for accounting.
Question 8: How to look at the inventory from the balance sheet for monthly purchasing? For example, you need to see how many goods are available in July. You must remove July. And the June report. Take the ending of inventory in July as an example. Subtract the ending inventory in June. It came in July. Here's a problem. This month is July. You sell goods. How many goods to sell depends on the profit distribution table. Therefore, the purchase in the current month = the main business cost in the current month. Plus (ending inventory in July-ending inventory in June) = purchase this month.
Question 9: What about the balance sheet? (Please ask professionals to answer) 1. The Concept and Significance of Balance Sheet
The balance sheet is an accounting statement that reflects the financial situation of an enterprise on a specific date. Comprehensively reflect the amount and composition of assets, liabilities and owners' equity of the enterprise on that day, and reflect the increase and decrease of various projects through the year-end number and the change of the year-end number.
Significance: (1) The preparation of accounting statements by property management enterprises is helpful to understand the overall picture of assets, liabilities and owners' rights and interests of enterprises, and to understand and master the economic resources owned and controlled and their distribution, which is an important data for analyzing the production and operation capacity of enterprises; (2) Understand and master the total liabilities of the enterprise and its structure, indicating how many assets or services the enterprise needs to pay off its debts in the future; (3) Understand and master the owner's rights and interests, and show the share of investors in the enterprise assets; (4) Understand the equity structure. (4) The balance sheet can also provide basic digital data for enterprise financial analysis, and calculate and analyze various indicators.
Second, the content and structure of the balance sheet
The content of balance sheet includes assets, liabilities and owners' equity, also known as the three elements of balance sheet.
At present, the balance sheet format is mainly based on accounts and reports. At present, China generally adopts the statement-based balance sheet. The report-based balance sheet structure is designed according to the stock accounting equation of assets: liabilities+owner's equity. Divided into two parties, the left is the asset item, which is arranged in order of asset liquidity: current assets, long-term investment, fixed assets, intangible and deferred assets, and other long-term assets. Among current assets, it is arranged as monetary funds, short-term investments, accounts receivable, prepayments, inventories, etc. In the order of liquidity.
Third, the preparation method of the balance sheet
The balance sheet is a static statement, which mainly lists the amount of each item according to the ending balance of the relevant account.
The data of each item in the balance sheet should be filled in at the beginning and end of the year respectively. The figures in the column at the beginning of the year should be filled in according to the figures in the column at the end of the balance sheet at the end of last year. If the names and contents of the items specified in this year's balance sheet are inconsistent with those of the previous year, the names and figures of the balance sheet items at the end of last year should be adjusted according to the provisions of this year and filled in the opening column of this form. The final number is mainly filled in according to the balance of general ledger and subsidiary ledger.
Illustrate the preparation of balance sheet with examples.
The balance sheet is an accounting statement that reflects the financial situation of an enterprise on a specific date. The balance sheet is based on the accounting identity of "assets = liabilities+owners' equity", reflecting the relationship among the three accounting elements, and compiling the assets, liabilities and owners' equity items of the enterprise on a specific date according to certain classification standards and certain arrangement order. Balance sheet is one of the main accounting statements submitted by enterprises. The balance sheet reflects the static financial situation of an enterprise at a certain point in time, that is, the amount and composition of economic resources owned or controlled by the enterprise and the amount and composition of debts undertaken by the enterprise; The amount and composition of economic benefits enjoyed by enterprise owners in the enterprise. Compiling the balance sheet has different meanings for different users of accounting information.
1. Enterprise managers can understand the economic resources owned or controlled by the enterprise and its responsibilities and obligations through the balance sheet, understand whether the proportion of assets and liabilities of the enterprise is reasonable, and then analyze the production and operation ability, operation ability and debt repayment ability of the enterprise, and predict the future business prospects of the enterprise.
2. The investors of the enterprise know the composition of the owner's equity through the balance sheet, check whether the managers of the enterprise make effective use of the existing resources and increase the value of assets, thus analyzing the financial strength and future development ability of the enterprise and making a decision on whether to continue investing.
3. The creditors and suppliers of the enterprise know the solvency, payment ability and current financial situation of the enterprise through the balance sheet, so as to analyze the financial risk, predict the future cash flow and make loan and marketing decisions.
4. Financial, taxation and other * * * institutions and departments can know whether the enterprise has seriously implemented the relevant principles and policies through the balance sheet, so as to strengthen macro management and regulation.
If you still don't understand, just watch the series Rich Dad, Poor Dad, which will tell you all the financial knowledge ... >>