Credit risk is still the main risk, because in the future, deposit and loan business will still be the main business of commercial banks in China, which is the basis for survival and development. The following is the credit risk control method I compiled for you. I hope you like it.
Control method of credit risk
1. The pre-loan investigation should fully verify the borrower's capital demand, purpose and repayment source, implement the guarantee, and set a reasonable loan term according to the capital demand.
2. The loan operation should be standardized, strictly follow the credit operation process, ignore it, do not form an invalid guarantee, do not take over the defective collateral, and use the bank's deposit certificate as collateral as much as possible.
3. Check the loans in time, classify the loans in strict accordance with the requirements, and pay a return visit to the customers within 15 days to verify the use of funds.
4. Strengthen the supervision of customers' accounts, require customers to provide effective fund withdrawal vouchers, regularly check the withdrawal of their funds, and take timely measures if there are any changes.
5. Understand customer trends from the side. For customers who have formed a customer community, it should not be difficult to collect information, that is, customers and customers are enterprises or friends in the same industry or upstream and downstream, and they can get to know each other through them.
Precautionary measures of credit risk
1, strengthen access management. In the credit link, it is necessary to scientifically verify the total amount, clearly distinguish the types, and strictly follow the authority; In the process of using letters, it is necessary to conduct in-depth investigation, careful examination, full brewing, strict examination and approval, and put forward effective restrictions and management measures; In the process of review, explore the establishment of independent review system, review collegial system, review consultation system and review supervision system. For normal loans, focus on strengthening maintenance and in-depth development, and continue to provide high-quality and efficient services and credit facilities; Pay close attention to the loan, pay close attention to the changing trend of unfavorable factors, ensure the effectiveness and sufficiency of the guarantee, and seize the opportunity of realizing customers' assets, external financing, restructuring and improving operations to quit; For suspicious loans, it is mandatory to collect them decisively according to law.
2. Strengthen early warning and monitoring. Risk early warning is an important measure to prevent credit risk. A good early warning mechanism can move the risk threshold forward and achieve the effect of early detection, early warning and early disposal. It is necessary to realize "multi-channel" early warning, innovate credit risk monitoring and early warning means, comprehensively use credit management system, professional statistical reports and various media to obtain risk information and data, build a risk monitoring and early warning information system, and form a working situation of "multi-angle observation, multi-directional analysis and multi-channel transmission". It is necessary to realize "zero distance" early warning, establish and improve a scientific monitoring index system, and improve the authenticity, timeliness and accuracy of monitoring.
3. Accelerate credit adjustment. There are not many enterprises that prosper under the conditions of market operation. Only by strengthening the credit withdrawal in a forward-looking way can the quality of credit assets be effectively prevented from deteriorating. In the aspect of customer withdrawal, "three changes" should be realized: first, the change from factual risk withdrawal to potential risk withdrawal. Move the risk threshold forward, dynamically track the migration trend of various loans, and improve the predictability of development trends. The second is the change from passive exit to active exit. Overall planning, early planning, through collection, write-off, examination and approval control and other means, actively reduce the loan balance of small-scale, low-efficiency, poor prospects and high-risk enterprises. The third is the transition from tactical exit to strategic exit. The adjustment of credit structure should not be rushed, and the rhythm and intensity must be controlled to prevent the formation of bad conditions when withdrawing.
4. Strengthen post-loan management. Post-loan management is to constantly find the early warning signals of marketing opportunities and customers, and constantly put forward solutions and countermeasures to solve problems and put them into action. It is necessary to establish an assessment system for post-lending management, incorporate customer inspection process, information analysis process, early warning and prediction process and customer withdrawal process into the overall assessment category of credit work, formulate assessment standards and basis for each management link and element, and urge post-lending managers to implement post-lending management frequently, consciously and deeply, and concretize conceptual management. It is necessary to establish a differentiated risk monitoring system, do a good job in dynamic tracking and monitoring of marginal loans while closely monitoring risk changes, and formulate a sound risk monitoring plan to resolve potential risks in time.
5. Cultivate a culture of compliance. Attention should be paid to cultivating good professional ethics of account managers, so that they will never cross the "protection line" of ideology and morality, never touch the "warning line" of rules and regulations, and never violate the "high-voltage line" of law. We should pay attention to the establishment of an incentive and restraint mechanism that is compatible with the compliance culture, and send a clear message, that is, reward those employees who are good at discovering risks, revealing risks and avoiding risks, and punish those employees who violate loan rules, create loan risks and ignore loan risks, and effectively form a good atmosphere of "not simplifying loan procedures on the grounds of efficiency, not adapting rules and regulations on the grounds of development, and not relaxing access conditions on the grounds of horizontal competition".
Credit risk countermeasures
First, revise and improve various credit management systems, ensure coordination, cooperation and restriction among various systems, and ensure the implementation of various credit management systems. First of all, improve the credit file management from the system. As soon as possible, formulate and implement the implementation measures for the management of credit files, clarify the collection, transfer and inspection of credit files, designate a special person to be responsible, and regularly check and assess the implementation. For the problem of false financial information of enterprises, we can consider establishing "four-conformity audit" and "liability compensation system for inaccurate financial statement audit" Specifically, on the one hand, the bank itself checks the general ledger, subsidiary ledger, original vouchers and important physical objects of the borrowing enterprise to achieve "four conformity"; On the other hand, you can sign a contract with an accounting firm to entrust the firm to audit the financial statements of the bank loan applicant and issue an audit report as the basis for the bank to approve the loan. At the same time, it is stipulated in the contract that if the loan loss is caused by its false report, the CPA himself and his firm are responsible for fully compensating the losses suffered by the bank.
Secondly, further improve the risk control systems such as credit authorization, separation of loan review, grading approval, collective approval and loan "three checks" with loan risk management as the core. Including: when handling credit business, strictly follow the business process, post authority and conditions for exercising authority, strengthen mutual supervision and restriction between different posts and departments, implement risk control throughout the business process, and prevent all kinds of violations; Formulate the methods and implementation details of pre-loan investigation, in-loan inspection and post-loan inspection, and stipulate the contents, investigation methods and verification means to avoid becoming a mere formality. At the same time, establish and improve the post responsibility system, implement the credit management responsibility to every department, every post and everyone, and conduct strict assessment to prevent violations.
Two, establish and improve the specialized credit management institutions, prevent excessive concentration of credit power, and implement democratic and scientific credit decision-making. First of all, it is necessary to truly implement the loan approval separation system, allocate the loan approval authority to different functional departments as soon as possible, clarify the work scope, responsibilities and objectives of the loan examination department, and standardize the work system, approval content, approval authority, approval procedures and responsibilities of the loan examination department.
Secondly, for large loans and difficult loans, it is necessary to set up a special loan management Committee to be responsible for the decision-making of loan approval. The Committee may be a non-permanent institution, but it should be composed of administrative leaders and business experts, and be responsible for providing basic information of loan applicants, loan risk analysis reports and expert opinions, and making democratic decisions on loan approval.
Third, the loan risk assessment will be implemented in functional departments independent of the credit business department. Term loan risk assessment is a concrete work to monitor loan risk. It is necessary to make an independent, scientific and objective quantitative assessment of the risk status of each loan during its life cycle. If the loan reaches a certain risk level, relevant departments need to take effective measures to resolve and transfer the risk. Therefore, in order to ensure the objectivity, scientificity and timeliness of loan risk assessment, this work needs to be completed independently by another department independent of the credit business department. The purpose of setting up a special credit management institution is to prevent excessive concentration of credit power and establish a "firewall" in the distribution of credit power by making use of the relative independence of the institution. However, in order to ensure the liquidity of information and ensure that all departments can fully possess and * * * enjoy the collected borrower's credit information, the information circulation system of relevant departments should also be established to prevent the public information from being privately possessed by one department.
Third, establish a borrower's credit information sharing system. The above two measures are aimed at solving the credit management problems of individual branches of commercial banks. However, because the business scope of a single branch is limited to a certain area, it is impossible to fully grasp the credit status of existing borrowers, especially future borrowers. Therefore, commercial banks should also establish a borrower's credit information system in their system, so that all their credit business departments can fully grasp the borrower's credit status, local economic operation, national economic operation and macro or micro economic policies of the central and local governments. The borrower's credit information system can collect the information of borrowers who have no money to repay, are unable to repay due debts, or have poor business conditions and high loan risks. Through the "blacklist of bad borrowers" in the exchange system, its branches are prohibited from issuing new loans to bad borrowers, and effective measures are taken to recover old loans in time.
Moral hazard in credit risk
1) The concept of moral hazard
Moral hazard refers to the possibility that the party with information advantage may take actions against others in order to maximize its own interests and encroach on others' interests after the client signs a contract with the agent, thus causing others to suffer losses due to information asymmetry. There is a multi-level and multi-faceted principal-agent relationship in the operation and management of commercial banks, and the moral hazard caused by information asymmetry inevitably arises and exists objectively in the operation of commercial banks. The main profit source of commercial banks in China is still credit business, and the moral hazard of credit business has also become the research focus of risk prevention of commercial banks.
2) The levels and manifestations of moral hazard in the credit process of China's state-owned commercial banks.
According to the management system and operation process of credit business of commercial banks, moral hazard mainly exists in the following three levels, which are as follows:
Moral hazard in the decision-making level of commercial banks' credit business: the credit decision-making level of commercial banks is mainly the leaders of banks at all levels and the credit approval personnel. Under the property right system of China commercial banks, most individuals who make credit decisions do not have property rights that are compatible with their authority. In fact, they don't have enough financial ability to be responsible for the decision-making results, or they only have negligible responsibilities. Moreover, under the internal management mechanism of China Commercial Bank, the responsibilities and rights of decision-makers for the risks and benefits of credit creation are also unequal, which is the fundamental reason for the moral hazard of decision-makers, which is manifested in the non-marketization of decision-making behavior, the softening of the binding force on senior management and the slow response to violations.
Moral hazard of the management of commercial banks: the management of commercial banks mainly refers to the credit business managers who manage banks at all levels. The moral hazard of decision-making level increases the moral hazard of management, such as expressing opinions not from reality but from "catering to the upper meaning", short-term interests, different forms of ultra vires operation, numbness or even acquiescence to subordinates' violations, off-balance sheet operation, manipulation of accounting statements, artificial adjustment of statistical data, good news without bad news and so on.
Moral hazard in the management of commercial banks: the management of commercial banks refers to the direct managers of credit business. They are information collectors and the richest level of micro-information. Because they have the largest micro-information, when the supervision of management is not in place, they become the highest frequency level of moral hazard in commercial banks. For example, staff use system loopholes, high-quality personnel use computers to commit crimes, and credit and non-performing assets managers delete unfavorable information or provide false information to mislead management.
3) Countermeasures to prevent moral hazard in the credit business of commercial banks in China.
Due to the complex causes and many influencing factors of moral hazard in the credit business of commercial banks in China, it is necessary to comprehensively prevent moral hazard from internal and external factors, systems, people and all levels.
First of all, establish a modern enterprise system with clear property rights, clear rights and responsibilities, separation of government from enterprises and scientific management. It should be said that domestic commercial banks have made great progress in establishing modern enterprise system and improving corporate governance structure. However, as the main body of China commercial banks, state-owned commercial banks have not completely got rid of the situation of separating government from enterprises. The role of shareholders in small and medium-sized joint-stock commercial banks is still limited, and it is difficult to effectively solve problems such as unclear property rights and insider control. The shareholders' meeting and internal supervision system of commercial banks failed to effectively restrict the decision-making and senior management. It is necessary to establish a management system in which the decision-makers of commercial banks are responsible for the bank's operating results with their own rights and interests, and the operators are directly responsible for the economic failure, so as to achieve satisfactory results in controlling the moral hazard of commercial banks' credit business.
Secondly, further improve the internal control system of commercial banks, and change the risk management mode of decentralized management of commercial banks in China into process management and system management. According to the daily management behavior of commercial banks, risk control is divided into business process risk control and management process risk control for separate research and design. Under the established organizational structure, strengthen the planning, organization, coordination and control of various departments, effectively control the risks in various management work and workflow, and give full play to the role of internal control system in preventing moral hazard.
Thirdly, establishing adequate information disclosure system and strengthening external supervision can effectively reduce the internal moral hazard of commercial banks.
Give full play to the role of CBRC and banking associations, such as establishing a database of financial practitioners, fully disclosing information that is not suitable for senior management positions of commercial banks, and improving the ability of commercial banks to obtain human resources information; All commercial banks are required to improve the transparency of punishment for those responsible for illegal operations. At the same time, it is also necessary to clarify the responsibilities of the regulatory authorities and establish a system of accountability to ensure the timely and effective external supervision. Therefore, the appointment of senior managers by commercial banks is not limited to the qualification examination of banking supervision departments, but from the perspective of their own risk control, they should consciously strengthen the prudence of personnel appointment and reduce the moral hazard of management in the credit process of commercial banks.
Fourth, we should use laws to restrain and increase the punishment of credit personnel engaged in moral hazard behavior.
It is very important to formulate a strict and rigid legal system to prevent the moral hazard of bank credit personnel. For example, according to Article 9 of the Prevention of Bribery Ordinance (Chapter 20 1 Laws of Hong Kong), it is illegal for bank loan officers to accept anything of value from customers for themselves or their relatives, such as money, gifts, duties, services, preferential treatment and other benefits, so as to give preferential treatment in handling credit business. The maximum penalty is 7 years' imprisonment and a fine of HK$ 500,000. At the same time, it will lead to a ban of up to 7 years from taking the position of manager of any company or public institution or engaging in any occupation. Through severe punishment, it has played a great deterrent role in maintaining financial order, curbing the greed of credit business personnel, preventing credit business personnel from breaking the law and preventing moral hazard behavior in credit business.
Fifth, build a corporate culture of honesty and establish a team of honest and efficient credit personnel.
Corporate culture is the core mode and belief that determines the operation of enterprises. Sound moral culture is the decision-making basis for employees at all levels to handle daily affairs. If the credit business personnel at all levels can spontaneously maintain a high moral standard, banks don't have to worry about illegal behavior. Strengthen the credit management of credit personnel by establishing a credit enterprise culture. Always pay attention to the behavior of credit personnel at all levels and find problems as soon as possible; Contact customers through different people to prevent them from corrupting credit personnel; Report all kinds of fraud through the internal complaint mechanism; According to the specific situation of employees, we should arrange a careful training plan, such as often carrying out preventive education such as case analysis and case statement, so that credit employees can realize risks, deepen their understanding of laws, regulatory provisions and ethical norms, and improve their vigilance against moral dilemmas and skills in dealing with related issues.
Second, how to prevent and control credit risks.
First of all, when receiving customer information, we should pay attention to whether the appropriate information is complete enough.
Secondly, the authenticity of customer information needs careful consultation, confirmation and search, and at the same time, it is necessary to communicate and confirm with customers and account managers in time.
Finally, when the customer repays each installment, it is necessary to confirm with the customer repeatedly and communicate with the account manager to effectively urge the customer to repay.
Only by meeting these three basic requirements can we strictly control risks and ensure the stability and safety of assets.
Three, credit risk control methods include ()
American Broadcasting Company Inc (ABC)
4. What are the general aspects of credit risk and how to control it?
Generally speaking, credit risk mainly includes credit risk, market risk and operational risk. In layman's terms, it is whether the borrower is a molecule, purely to cheat money, or there is a risk of not paying back the money. Generally speaking, how to control risks mainly starts from three aspects. One is pre-loan background investigation, mainly to check whether the borrower's information is true and repayment ability.
The second is to follow up after the loan, mainly to check whether the borrower used the money according to the instructions when borrowing;
The third is collection, mainly when the borrower runs away or defaults. However, for traditional credit enterprises, there are more and more online businesses, but there are many shortcomings in controlling risks only by traditional risk control means, such as the efficiency of auditing and lending.