What types of loans are generally divided into?

The asset business of commercial banks refers to the loans provided by borrowers in kind or guaranteed by securities. According to the nature of collateral, mortgage loans can be divided into chattel mortgage loans and real estate mortgage loans. Once the property is mortgaged, it legally belongs to the creditor. In loans overdue, banks have the right to dispose of collateral as compensation. The interest rate of mortgage loan is lower than that of credit loan, and the loan term is longer. For lending banks, mortgage loans can reduce the risk of lending. Although collateral can't guarantee that the loan can be repaid on time, when the borrower goes bankrupt and liquidates, the bank can become a priority creditor, enjoying the right to be repaid in priority over ordinary creditors, which is also the reason why mortgage loan can reduce the loan risk. Collateral can be movable and immovable property such as automobiles, equipment, factories, houses and commodities, and can also be assets such as stocks, bonds, accounts receivable and bills of lading. The basic condition of collateral is marketability. There are intangible assets as collateral, such as mining rights and pawning rights. Commercial banks generally only accept property that is easy to circulate and sell in the market as collateral. The mortgaged property should belong to the mortgagor and must be legally enforceable finance. At the same time, the loan amount should be commensurate with the value of collateral, and the number of mortgaged properties is the maximum loan amount. Usually, the loan amount should be less than the collateral value. However, if the borrower is in good operating condition and has good credit, the loan amount can also exceed the value of the collateral. This kind of loan greatly reduces the loan risk of commercial banks and ensures the safety of loans, so it is widely used in long-term investment loans.

Credit loan refers to a loan that only relies on the borrower's credit and does not provide collateral. Credit lending can enable borrowers to obtain additional capital and promote the expansion of production and circulation scale, so credit lending is a kind of capital lending. This is a form of bank loan. Generally speaking, the risk of issuing credit loans is greater than other loans, so the interest rate is higher and many conditions are often attached.

Notice is a loan form of western commercial banks. There is no fixed term, and any borrower can pay off at any time. Notice is very popular in the securities market, and borrowers are mostly exchange brokers or securities buyers. The loan notice interest rate is low, but it must be guaranteed by securities or other property. If the borrower is unable to repay, the bank has the right to dispose of the collateral. The nature of call loan is short-term loan, which is very liquid for banks, but it is not conducive to borrowers to use funds in a planned way. Therefore, industrial and commercial enterprises rarely borrow such loans.

Foreign exchange loans are foreign currency loans issued by banks to enterprises. Foreign exchange loans can be divided into broad sense and narrow sense. In a narrow sense, foreign exchange loans only refer to loans issued by Chinese banks to domestic enterprises by using foreign exchange funds absorbed from domestic enterprises and individuals. Broadly speaking, foreign exchange loans also include international re-loans, that is, loans borrowed by China from abroad and lent to domestic enterprises through designated domestic foreign exchange banks.

Foreign exchange loan is an important asset business operated by commercial banks. It is the main means for commercial banks to use foreign exchange funds, strengthen operating mechanism and obtain economic benefits. This is also a major way for banks to contact customers.

The opening of foreign exchange loans is of great significance to the utilization of foreign capital, the introduction of advanced technology and equipment, the promotion of China's foreign trade and international exchanges, and the changes in the international commodity market and international financial market.

Foreign exchange loans are mainly for enterprises (enterprises), legal persons or economic entities with foreign exchange payment needs, including Chinese state-owned and collective enterprises (enterprises); Joint-stock enterprises; Sino-foreign joint ventures and cooperative enterprises; Wholly foreign-owned enterprises; Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan investment enterprises, etc.

From a macro point of view, foreign exchange loans have two basic conditions: first, loan projects must be declared, approved and included in the plan according to procedures. Second, domestic supporting equipment should be implemented. The borrower shall also meet the following conditions

2. Must have an independent legal personality, conduct independent accounting, hold a "loan certificate" and open an account in a bank; Have a sound financial accounting system, and the asset-liability ratio generally does not exceed 75%; The registered capital has been put in place on schedule and verified according to law.

3 fixed assets loan projects must conform to the national industrial policy and be approved by the competent department.

Implementation of supporting RMB funds, equipment, materials and technical conditions for the project.

4. The self-raised funds in the total investment of the construction project shall not be less than 30%, and the proportion of the owner's equity of the new project enterprise as a legal person in the total investment of the project shall generally not be less than 30%.

5. When applying for a foreign exchange loan, the borrower must provide relevant information recognized by the lender.