Economic common sense mainly has the following problems:
Relationship: 1. Briefly answer the relationship between quality of life and consumption level. 2. Briefly answer the meaning of productivity and production relations and their relationship. 3. The relationship between national fiscal revenue and fiscal expenditure. 4. The relationship between economic development and fiscal revenue. 5. The relationship between efficiency and fairness. 6.*** Relationship between getting rich first and allowing some people and regions to get rich first 7 "Bring in" and "Go out"
8. The relationship between independence, self-reliance and opening to the outside world
Principles 1 Principles for the State to Arrange Financial Revenue and Expenditure 2 What principles should be followed in investment and financial management 3 Principles of market transactions 4 Basic principles of the World Trade Organization 5 Principles of China's opening-up policy 6 Original deposit
Characteristics 1 Basic characteristics of taxation 2 Basic characteristics of economic globalization 3 Inherent deficiencies and defects of market economy 4 Basic characteristics of market economy
Calculation: Calculation of tax productivity and value.
Summary of political knowledge
Philosophical common sense
1. materialism
Marxist philosophy is a scientific world outlook and methodology.
(1) The world is an objective physical world: the existence and development of physical nature and society are objective. People's activities to transform nature and society should be based on the recognition of the objectivity of nature and society. (2) Human consciousness is a reflection of objective existence: consciousness can respond to objective things. Different consciousness has different reactions to the development of objective things. The reflection of consciousness on objective things is restricted by many factors. (3) People have subjective initiative: objective regularity and subjective initiative. Proceed from reality, seek truth from facts and understand the national conditions. (4) The relationship between matter and consciousness.
The relationship between matter and consciousness is the basic problem of philosophy.
Starting from reality is the fundamental foothold for people to correctly understand and effectively transform the world.
Proceed from reality and build socialism with China characteristics.
2. Universality of dialectics (1) connection: the connection of things is universal and objective. Grasp the importance of causality. The diversity and complexity of the connections between things. Dialectical relationship between whole and part (2) Movement and development: Movement is the fundamental attribute of matter. The universality of movement and development correctly understands the essence of development: we should look at problems from the perspective of development, be innovative and keep pace with the times. Learn to think creatively. (3) Law: the universality and objectivity of law. Understand and apply the law, persist in seeking truth from facts, and act according to objective laws. (4) Adhere to the contradiction analysis method: adhere to the dichotomy to prevent one-sided recognition of the universality and objectivity of contradictions. Is the premise of correctly treating contradictions. (5) Concrete analysis of specific problems: universality and particularity of contradictions, major and minor aspects of major and minor contradictions. (6) Internal cause and external cause: Internal cause and external cause adhere to the viewpoint of combining internal and external causes. (7) Quantitative change and qualitative change: quantitative change, qualitative change and their relationship lead to qualitative change. Look at the problem and do things in moderation. (8) Development trend of things: The general trend of things is progressive, and new things will surely overcome old things. The development of things is the unity of progress and stumbling. (9) The opposition between dialectics and metaphysics: the fundamental viewpoint of materialist dialectics is to admit contradictions, while the fundamental viewpoint of metaphysics advocates to look at problems with a linked, developed and comprehensive viewpoint, to deny contradictions, and to look at problems in an isolated, static and one-sided way.
3. Epistemology
(1) Give play to subjective initiative: Give full play to subjective initiative, understand and transform the world, which is restricted by subjective and objective factors; (2) Look at essence through phenomena: perceptual knowledge of phenomena and essence and rational knowledge of truth are people's correct understanding of the essence of things and its development law. The fundamental task is to raise perceptual knowledge to rational knowledge. And can grasp the essence and law of things through phenomena, combine analysis and synthesis, and the role of creative thinking and reasonable imagination in cognition. (3) Practice: the basic characteristics of practice play a decisive role in cognition, and cognition is counterproductive to practice.
4. Outlook on life and values
(1) The relationship between social existence and social consciousness: social existence determines social consciousness, and social consciousness reacts on social existence; (2) Establish correct values; (3) the dialectical unity of individual interests and collective interests, individual and society: the development of socialist market economy requires the adjustment of collectivism; Personal activities and social development restrict and interact with each other and oppose extreme individualism. To protect the legitimate interests of individuals, we should advocate honesty in social life and economic activities. (4) Life value: Life value includes individual's responsibility and contribution to society, and society's respect and satisfaction to individuals. The condition and way to realize the value of life is to get out of the misunderstanding of life values and oppose hedonism and money worship. (5) Ideal and reality: set up lofty ideals and correctly handle the relationship between ideal and reality. (6) Social practice: People are the main body of practice. It is the creators of history who believe in and rely on the masses, and the interests of the masses are above everything else. While transforming the objective world, we should transform the subjective world and realize the unity of subjectivity and objectivity, individual and society in social practice.
Part III Political Common Sense
1. China's national system (1) China's national system: the nature and function of the state; China's people's democratic dictatorship; China's national functions; China's fundamental political system: the organizational form of state power: the people's congress system in China; The legal status, rights and obligations of people's deputies; And the meaning, content and significance of "one country, two systems" in China's national structure. State organs in China: State organs and their organizational systems; The establishment of state organs in China; Principles of organization and activities of state organs in China; Rule of law; (4) China citizens and the state: the state protects citizens' political rights and freedoms according to law; Citizens should fulfill their obligations to safeguard national interests; All citizens are equal before the law; The rights and obligations of citizens are unified; The relationship between personal interests and national interests is unified.
2. Political parties and political party system in China.
(1) political parties and political power: the characteristics of political parties, the relationship between political parties and state power, the types and functions of contemporary political party system, the multi-party cooperation and political consultation system led by China * * * * * (2) the nature and status of China * * * the nature of China * * the leadership of China * * the leadership of China * * the leadership of the production party to the country (3).
3. China's Ethnic Groups and Religions (1) China is a unified multi-ethnic country: the basic characteristics of China's ethnic groups, the basic principles of China's handling of ethnic relations, China's regional ethnic autonomy system (2) China's religious policy: the essence and social role of religion. China's religious policy sets up a scientific world outlook and opposes feudal superstition.
4. The international community and China's foreign policy (1) Contemporary international community: international relations and their determinants; The concept and role of international law of sovereign States and other international organizations; (2) The theme of today's times: Peace and development are the themes of today's times; (3) China's foreign policy: an independent foreign policy of peace; The basic goal of China's foreign policy is to adhere to the five principles of peace and opening to the outside world.
Dialectics (materialism)
1 The viewpoint of connection: meaning and characteristics (universality, objectivity, restriction and diversity)
(1) Principle of Universality and Objectivity of Connection Principle Content: Everything in the world is in universal connection, there is no isolated thing, and the whole world is a unified whole with universal connection. The connection between things exists objectively, regardless of people's consciousness. People can't deny and cut off the objective connection between things, nor can they make up the connection subjectively. Methodology: We are required to persist in looking at problems from the viewpoint of connection, specifically analyze the connections between things, change the state of things according to their internal connections (change conditions to create conditions), and establish new concrete connections. [Application]: the coordinated development of the eastern and western economies; Handle the relationship between reform, development and stability; Building a well-off society in an all-round way includes four goals: politics, economy, culture and ecology.
(2) Causality principle: According to materialist dialectics, the relationship between cause and effect is causality, and everything is in causality. Every cause has its consequences, and every consequence has its consequences. Causality has universality, objectivity and conditional methodology: this requires us to realize the universality and objectivity of causality, and be good at summing up, reflecting and finding reasons, so as to improve people's consciousness and foresight in practical activities.
(3) Principle of the relationship between the whole and the parts: (1) The whole and the parts are both different and related. (2) the whole is in a dominant position, leading part. There are some functions in the whole that are completely absent. When the parts form a whole with reasonable structure, the function of the whole will be greater than the sum of the parts. When the parts form a whole with poor structure, it will damage the function of the whole. (3) The whole and the parts are inseparable and influence each other. The overall performance state and its changes will affect some performance states and their changes. Part also restricts the whole, even under certain conditions, the performance of key parts will play a decisive role in the overall performance state. Methodology: (1) We should establish a global concept, do things from a global perspective, and seek the best goal. (2) Do a good job in parts to maximize the overall function. Application: the relationship between local and central government; Oppose local protectionism; Western development; Economic restructuring; The reform of state-owned enterprises should focus on the big and let the small go.
2. Concept of development
(1) Things are the principle of change and development. Content: Everything is in endless movement, change and development, and the whole world is a material world with infinite change and eternal development. Development is a process in which something new replaces something old. Methodology: We are required to persist in looking at problems from the perspective of development. & lt 1 & gt； We should regard things as a process of change and development. & lt2> need to know what stage and where things are. (2) the dialectical relationship between matter and movement
Movement and matter are closely related and inseparable. First of all, matter is a moving matter, and movement is the fundamental attribute and way of existence of matter. Secondly, movement is the movement of matter, and matter is the subject of movement. It is wrong to talk about sports without talking about matter, or to talk about matter without talking about sports. It is necessary to oppose both the idealistic view of stressing sports without substance and the metaphysical view of stressing sports without substance.
3. the principle of universality of contradiction (principle content: contradiction is the unity of opposites contained in the thing itself, that is, the unity of opposites. Contradictions exist in everything and run through the whole development process of things, that is, contradictions are everywhere and all the time. Methodology: we should acknowledge the universality and objectivity of contradictions and dare to admit and expose contradictions; He is good at analyzing contradictions in an all-round way, using the viewpoint of dichotomy and two-point theory, and opposing one-sidedness and one-point theory.
4. Principle of contradiction particularity Principle content: The particularity of contradiction refers to the contradictory things and each side has its own characteristics. The particularity of contradiction lies in that the contradiction of different things has different characteristics, the contradiction of the same thing has different characteristics at different stages of development, and both sides of the contradiction have their own characteristics. The particularity of contradiction is the internal reason why things are so different. Methodology: Insist on concrete analysis of specific problems.
5. Principle of dialectical relationship between universality and particularity of contradiction content: The universality and particularity of contradiction are dialectical unity and interrelated. Universality lies in particularity and is manifested through particularity. Without particularity, there is no universality. Particularity is inseparable from universality, and without universality, there is no particularity. The two can be transformed into each other on different occasions. What is common on one occasion becomes special on another. In this case, special things become common in another case. Methodology: ① Help us master the cognitive order from special to universal, and then from universal to special. It is helpful for us to master the scientific methods such as "from the masses, to the masses", "dissecting sparrows" and "grasping typical examples", which combine general calls with individual guidance. ③ It is helpful for us to understand and grasp the principle of combining the universal principles of Marxism with the specific practice of revolution and construction in various countries, and to build socialism with China characteristics.
6. Principle of dialectical relationship between principal contradiction and secondary contradiction: In the development process of complex things, the contradiction that dominates and plays a decisive role in the development of things is called principal contradiction, while other contradictions that are subordinate and have no decisive role in the development of things are called secondary contradictions. The principal contradiction and the secondary contradiction depend on each other and influence each other, and can be transformed into each other under certain conditions. Methodology: Be good at grasping the key points and concentrating the main forces to solve the main contradictions; Learn to make overall plans and properly handle minor contradictions; Adhere to the unity of two-point theory and key theory.
7. The principle of dialectical relationship between the main and secondary aspects of contradiction. Principle content: the dominant aspect of internal contradictions of things is called the main aspect of contradictions; The dominant aspect of contradiction is called the secondary aspect of contradiction. The relationship between the major and minor aspects of contradiction is unity of opposites. The nature of things is mainly defined by the main aspects of the contradiction that obtains the dominant position, and the secondary aspects also have a certain influence on the nature of things. The two can also be transformed into each other under certain conditions. Methodology: We are required to look at the problem comprehensively, be good at distinguishing the mainstream from the tributaries, and understand the essence of things.
8. Adhere to the unity of two-point theory and key theory.
(1) The theory of materialist dialectics on the principal contradiction and secondary contradiction, and the principal and secondary aspects of contradiction is the theoretical basis for the unification of two-point theory and key theory. (2) The so-called two-point theory means that in the process of understanding complex things, we should not only see the main contradictions, but also see the secondary contradictions; When understanding a contradiction, we should not only see the main aspects of the contradiction, but also see the secondary aspects of the contradiction. The so-called emphasis theory means that in the process of understanding the development of complex things, we should focus on grasping their main contradictions; When understanding a contradiction, we should focus on the main aspects of the contradiction. (3) Two-point theory and key theory are closely related. Two points are two points with emphasis, and the emphasis is two points. It's wrong to leave two points to focus on and two points to focus on. We should unify the two-point theory with the key theory, look at the problem comprehensively, and be good at grasping the key points and the mainstream.
9. Principles of dialectical relationship between internal and external causes and methodological principles:
10, the relationship principle and methodology principle between quantitative change and qualitative change;
1 1. The principle and methodology of the unity of progressiveness and stumbling in the development of things: the general trend of the development of things is progressive, but the road of development is tortuous, and the development of anything is the unity of progressiveness and stumbling. The future is bright, the road is tortuous, and there are twists and turns in progress. Advancing in twists and turns is the road for the development of all new things. Methodology: We should not only strengthen our confidence, but also be prepared to take detours. We should correctly view the difficulties encountered in the development of China's socialist cause. And the twists and turns in life.
12, the fundamental principle of the opposition between materialist dialectics and metaphysics: materialist dialectics and metaphysics are two fundamentally opposite world views and methodologies. The fundamental viewpoint of materialist dialectics is to admit contradictions and advocate looking at problems from a related, developing and comprehensive point of view. The fundamental view of metaphysics is to deny contradictions and look at problems in an isolated, static and one-sided way. The most fundamental difference between the two is whether to admit contradictions and whether to admit internal contradictions are the source of things. Scope of application: the application of this principle shows that in practical work, we should adhere to the linked, developed and comprehensive viewpoint and oppose the isolated, static and one-sided viewpoint, which shows that adhering to materialist dialectics can make us avoid or reduce mistakes in our study and work, make fewer detours, play a greater role in the socialist cause and make more contributions.
Epistemology part
1, dialectical relationship between practice and knowledge (theory):
The decisive role of practice in cognition;
2. Dialectical relationship between phenomenon and essence: phenomenon is the external connection of things, which is changeable and volatile and can be directly perceived by sensory organs; Essence is the internal connection of things, which is relatively stable and can only be grasped by human rational thinking. Connection: close connection, inseparable: phenomenon can not be separated from essence, and phenomenon is the expression of essence; The essence is inseparable from the phenomenon, and the essence is always manifested as the phenomenon. Methodology: to understand things, we should look at the essence through phenomena.
3. Dialectical relationship between perceptual knowledge and rational knowledge: differences: different meanings, stages and reliability. Connection: Rational knowledge depends on perceptual knowledge, which needs to be upgraded to rational knowledge. Methodology: To realize the fundamental task of cognition, from perceptual cognition to rational cognition. 4. Cognition is the principle of infinite development: the whole world is infinitely developing, and cognition should advance with the process of objective things on the basis of practice, and gradually deepen and expand. All views of solidified and rigid knowledge are unscientific. Methodological significance: persist in emancipating the mind, keep pace with the times and cultivate innovative spirit. 5. Principle of combining analysis with synthesis: The two are inseparable, analysis is the basis of synthesis, and in-depth analysis is carried out under the guidance of synthesis. Methodology: Cultivate scientific thinking methods and adhere to the combination of analysis and synthesis.
Verb (abbreviation for verb) values and outlook on life
1. Principle of dialectical relationship between social existence and social consciousness: On the one hand, social existence determines social consciousness, and social consciousness is the reflection of social existence; On the other hand, social consciousness has a dynamic reaction to social existence, scientific social consciousness has a great promotion effect on the development of social existence, and unscientific social consciousness has a great obstacle to the development of social existence. 2. The guiding role of values: (The meaning, essence and function of values should establish correct values) Philosophical content: Values are the fundamental views and evaluation criteria for the value and size of objective things, and values are a kind of social consciousness and a reflection of social existence. As a kind of social consciousness, values have a dynamic reaction to social existence, and different values have different guiding effects on people's activities of understanding and transforming the world and their choice of life path. This principle requires us to establish correct values. (Collectivism values, Scientific Outlook on Development, the concept of sustainable development, etc. 3. Principle of dialectical relationship between individual interests and collective interests: They are dialectical unity, mutual premise and mutual promotion. Methodological requirements: correctly handle the relationship between the two, when there is a contradiction, the overall interests and fundamental interests are the highest interests, and individual interests are subordinate to collective interests. 4. Principle of the relationship between personal activities and social development: they are interrelated and mutually restricted, and personal activities have a dynamic impact on social development; Social development restricts individual activities. Requirements: Give full play to subjective initiative and use favorable conditions to promote social development. 5. The real value of life lies in the contribution to society: (content and methodology requirements) Philosophical content: the meaning of life value (contribution and demand), and the real value of life lies in the contribution to society, because: individual's contribution to society is the basic guarantee for social existence and development; It is the basic symbol of life value; It is a reliable symbol of the value of life. This principle requires us to give full play to our subjective initiative, improve our own quality in an all-round way and realize the value of life in practice. 6. Dialectical relationship between ideal and reality: (content and methodology requirements) Philosophical content: Ideal and reality are dialectical unity, ideal originates from reality and is higher than reality, and ideal can be transformed into reality. This truth requires us to carry forward the spirit of hard struggle and realize our ideals in the struggle. (Grasp the spiritual essence of hard struggle)
7. People are the creators of history: people are the main body of social practice, the creators of material wealth and spiritual wealth, and the decisive force of social change. Methodological significance:
Political common sense:
★( 1) China's state system and regime: China's state system is a socialist country under the people's democratic dictatorship; The national function of our country is determined by and reflects the national nature of our country. China's national functions include internal functions (cracking down on sabotage activities of hostile elements and forces according to law; Organizing and leading socialist economic construction-macro-control, social management and public services; Correctly handle contradictions among the people and maintain social stability; Organize and lead the construction of socialist spiritual civilization-education, science, culture and health; Do a good job in social public services-maintain stability, unity and social order, establish and improve the social welfare system and security system, develop office facilities, protect the ecological environment) and external functions (resist foreign invasion and subversion, defend national sovereignty and territorial integrity; Carry out international exchanges and cooperation to create an international environment conducive to the development of China; Maintain world peace, promote economic development, and actively play China's role in the international community.
(2) China's people's congress system: all the power of the people and the state in China belongs to the people, and the organs for the people to exercise state power are the National People's Congress and local people's congresses at various levels, and the form of political organization in China is the people's congress system; The people's congress is the organ of state power, which exercises state power on behalf of the people and decides all major national and local affairs (the National People's Congress and its Standing Committee exercise the state legislative power, appointment and removal power, decision-making power and supervision power); People's deputies are members of state power organs, democratically elected by the people, supervised by the people, serving the people and being responsible to the people. They are the direct exercisers of state power. The Constitution endows them with unique rights (immunity from speech and voting, right of proposal, right of inquiry, etc.). ) and must consciously fulfill their obligations (exemplary compliance with the Constitution and laws, keeping state secrets, keeping close contact with the masses, accepting the supervision of voters or the original electoral units, etc. ).
★(3) China's state organs: The principles of organization and activities of China's state organs are democratic centralism, being accountable to the people and governing the country according to law (it is the basic strategy of the party leading the people to govern the country, and the broad masses of the people manage state and social affairs in accordance with the Constitution and laws under the leadership of the party; Its essence is to advocate the authority of the constitution and laws in the country's political, economic and social life; The purpose of governing the country according to law is to ensure that the people fully exercise their right to be masters of the country and safeguard their status as masters of the country.
(4) China citizens and the state: treat citizens' rights and obligations correctly (adhere to the principle of equality before the law; Adhere to the principle of the unity of citizens' rights and obligations-earnestly exercise their rights and consciously fulfill their obligations; Adhere to the principle of combining personal interests with national interests).
(5) The nature of China's * * * production party: China's * * * production party is the leading core of China's socialist modernization, which is determined by the nature of China's socialist country and the nature of the party (China's * * * production party is the vanguard of China's working class and the China people and the Chinese nation). Only by adhering to the party's leadership can we achieve the socialist goal (ensuring the socialist direction of modernization and ensuring the socialist direction of modernization). China * * * Production Party's leadership over national and social life is mainly political leadership, ideological leadership and organizational leadership (way).
(6) China eradicated the root of ethnic discrimination and oppression, established a socialist system, and fundamentally changed ethnic relations. The basic principles of dealing with ethnic relations in China are ethnic equality (political, economic and cultural rights), ethnic unity (one of the symbols of a country's comprehensive national strength and an important guarantee for its prosperity), and common prosperity of all ethnic groups (political, economic, educational, scientific and cultural undertakings). Taking economic construction as the center, accelerating the economic and cultural development in ethnic areas and gradually eliminating the gap between the east and the west are the only way to strengthen ethnic unity and develop socialist ethnic relations. To develop the economic and cultural development in ethnic areas, ethnic areas should first carry forward the spirit of self-reliance and hard struggle, and at the same time need the help of the state and developed areas; The system of regional ethnic autonomy is the basic ethnic policy and an important political system in China.
(7) China's religious policy: China implements a policy of freedom of religious belief (the meaning of freedom of religious belief and religious activities must be carried out within the scope permitted by the Constitution, laws and policies. The state strengthens the management of religious affairs according to law and actively guides religion to adapt to socialist society.
(8) Contemporary international society: international relations are changing and developing, and the factors that determine international relations are mainly national interests and national strength. Safeguarding national interests is the basis of sovereign state system and implementing foreign policy; The purpose of the United Nations is to maintain international peace and security and promote international cooperation and development.
(9) Theme of the present era: Peace and development are the themes of the contemporary world; Hegemonism and power politics are obstacles to peace and development; The essence of contemporary international competition is a contest of comprehensive national strength based on economy and science and technology, based on economy and guided by science and technology. Whether countries can gain advantages in the development of science and technology and enhance their comprehensive national strength based on economy and science and technology will ultimately determine their position on the international stage.
(10) China's foreign policy: China's national nature determines its independent foreign policy of peace; The basic point of China's foreign policy (independence is the basic position of China's foreign policy, safeguarding China's independence and sovereignty is the primary goal, promoting world peace and development is the basic goal of China's foreign policy, the five principles of peace are the basic norms of China's relations, strengthening unity and cooperation with third world countries is the basic foothold of China's foreign policy, and supporting opening up and strengthening international exchanges is China's basic national policy.
Economic common sense
1. commodity and commodity economy
(1) commodity: the meaning of commodity and commodity economy; Basic attributes of commodities; The value of goods.
(2) Money: the generation of money and the function of essential money. The emergence and development of paper currency inflation and deflation.
(3) Law of value: the content, manifestation and function of the law of value.
2. The economic system in the primary stage of socialism and the socialist market economy
(1) the economic system in the primary stage of socialism: public ownership is the foundation of the socialist economic system. Consolidate and develop the public sector of the economy, encourage, support and guide the development of the non-public sector of the economy with distribution according to work as the main body and multiple modes of distribution coexisting, and establish the principle that production factors participate in distribution according to contribution. Citizens' legitimate private property is inviolable.
(2) The basic characteristics of the socialist market economy: the general characteristics of the market economy, the objectives and means of national macro-control, and the basic characteristics of the socialist market economy.
3. Enterprises and operators
(1) Enterprises are the main body of the market: enterprises and their role companies are an important form of enterprises. Large and medium-sized state-owned enterprises are the pillars of the national economy, and the shareholding system is the main form of public ownership to improve the economic benefits of enterprises.
(2) Business operators: the status of state-owned business operators and the quality of business operators.
4. Industry and workers
(1) Three major industries: agriculture is the basic industry and the leading industry of the national economy, and the tertiary industry is actively developed.
(2) Workers' rights and obligations: The basic rights and obligations of workers expand employment and create more jobs. The labor contract system is China's social security system.
5. Fiscal revenue and taxpayers
(1) National income distribution and finance: the distribution of national income and the great role of fiscal revenue and expenditure.
(2) Taxes and taxpayers: Taxes and their basic characteristics The nature and role of taxation in China is the basic obligation of citizens to pay taxes according to law.
6. Banks and depositors
(1) Banks in China: emergence of banks, classification and functions of banks, business and functions of banks, establishment and perfection of social credit system (2) citizen savings: deposit savings and its functions, bonds and commercial insurance.
7. Commodity service market and consumers
(1) Commodity service market: the content and characteristics of the commodity service market, and the principles of market transactions.
(2) Family consumption and consumers' legitimate rights and interests: The content of family consumption establishes a correct consumption concept and protects consumers' legitimate rights and interests according to law.
8. Contemporary world market and China's foreign trade.
(1) Contemporary world market: the formation and development of world market; World Trade and Finance Organization; Economic globalization; Foreign exchange and exchange rate; China's socialist market economy must face the world.
(2) Foreign trade: the basic meaning and main content of foreign trade. The mode and function of China's foreign trade are the basic principles of China's foreign trade.