The main signs of solar activity: sunspots and flares.
Sunspots are signs reflecting the intensity of solar activity and appear in the photosphere.
Strong sunspot activity increases the possibility of climate anomalies.
Flares appear in chromosphere. Affect radio communication, even interrupt.
Flares and solar winds can produce magnetic storms and auroras.
2. The movement of the earth:
(1) Rotation:
Rotation direction: from west to east, from north to south.
Orbit rotation plane: equatorial plane (perpendicular to the earth axis)
Geographical significance of the earth's rotation: alternation of day and night; Every longitude 15 degrees, the local time difference is one hour; There is deviation in the horizontal movement direction of the object (right deviation in the northern hemisphere, left deviation in the southern hemisphere and no deviation at the equator); Affect the shape of the earth.
(2) Revolution:
Perihelion: early January, hurry.
Perihelion: At the beginning of July, the speed is slow.
Orbit plane of revolution: ecliptic plane. (The included angle with the equatorial plane is 23 degrees and 26 minutes)
The geographical significance of revolution:
① Variation of solar altitude angle at noon: vernal equinox (March 2 1) and autumnal equinox (September 23), decreasing from equator to north and south poles. The summer solstice (June 22nd) decreases from the Tropic of Cancer to the north and south poles, and reaches the maximum at the Tropic of Cancer and its north. The winter solstice (65438+February 22) decreases from the tropic of Capricorn to the north and south poles, and reaches the maximum at the tropic of Capricorn and its south.
② Variation of the length of day and night: The spring and autumn equinox is equally divided in the world. The equator is as long as day and night all the year round. In the summer half year in the northern hemisphere (3.2 1-9.23), the days are long and the nights are short, and the farther north, the longer the days are. On June 22nd, the day is the longest in the northern hemisphere, and there are extreme days in the Arctic Circle and the north. Winter in the northern hemisphere lasts for half a year (9.23-3.2 1), with short days and long nights. The farther north, the shorter the days. On February 22, 65438, the day in the northern hemisphere was the shortest, and the polar night appeared in the Arctic Circle and the northern region.
③ Seasonal changes.
(3) The direct point between the sun and the terminal line.
On March 2 1 day, the direct point of the sun is located at the equator, and then moves north.
On June 22, the direct point of the sun was located in the Tropic of Cancer, and then moved south.
On September 23, the direct point of the sun was at the equator, and then moved south.
12 On February 22nd, the direct point of the sun was located in the Tropic of Capricorn, and then moved northward.
The drawing method of terminator line: terminator line is perpendicular to sunlight and passes through the center of the earth. The side illuminated by light is the daytime hemisphere.
3. The circular structure of the earth
Earth's outer layer: atmosphere, hydrosphere and biosphere.
The inner circle of the earth: crust, mantle and core.
Mantle: From Moho to Gutenberg.
Lithosphere: The crust and the top of the upper mantle (asthenosphere).
——————————————————
shell
|—————————————— Moho noodles
| ———————————————— asthenosphere
(the earth's) mantle
|
|—————————————— Gutenberg's face.
|
earth core
Vertical stratification of the atmosphere: troposphere, stratosphere and upper atmosphere.
(1) Troposphere (most closely related to human beings);
The temperature decreases with the elevation (6 degrees Celsius for every increase of 1000m), because the ground is the direct heat source of the atmosphere.
Convective motion is remarkable.
The weather phenomenon is complex and changeable.
(2) Stratosphere:
The temperature increases with height because ozone absorbs ultraviolet rays.
The air mainly moves horizontally, the atmosphere is stable and the weather is fine. (conducive to high-altitude flight)
(3) Upper atmosphere:
There are ionospheres, satellites and space shuttles.
4. Thermal state of the atmosphere
( 1)
The basic source of atmospheric heat: solar radiation (short wave radiation)
Direct heat source of atmosphere: ground radiation (long wave radiation)
Atmospheric reverse radiation can keep the ground warm. Frost will appear on a clear night because the atmospheric inverse radiation is very weak.
Formula: The sun warms the earth (solar radiation), the earth warms the atmosphere (ground radiation), and the atmosphere returns to the earth (atmospheric inverse radiation).
The simplest form of atmospheric movement: thermal cycle (near-surface cold air sinks to form high pressure and hot air rises to form low pressure).
The root cause of atmospheric movement: uneven ground heat and cold.
The direct cause of atmospheric movement: horizontal pressure difference.
Wind is the horizontal movement of the atmosphere. Wind power is related to isobar. The denser the isobar, the stronger the wind.
Atmospheric circulation refers to the regular atmospheric movement on a global scale.
(2) Schematic Diagram of Pressure Belt and Wind Belt ... (Reading-)
The position of pressure area and wind area moves north and south with the seasonal movement of direct sunlight. The northern hemisphere moves north in summer and south in winter.
(3) the difference of thermal properties between land and sea.
Winter: land temperature is low and air pressure is high; The ocean temperature is high and the air pressure is low.
Summer: high temperature and low pressure on land; The ocean temperature is low and the air pressure is high.
East Asian monsoon:
Air pressure center:
Summer-Asia Low (Eurasia), Hawaii High (North Pacific)
Winter-Asian high (Eurasia), Aleutian low (North Pacific)
Monsoon circulation means that the prevailing wind direction changes regularly in the opposite or almost opposite direction with the seasons in a year. (For example: southeast wind in summer of beijing, northwest wind in winter)
The most typical area of monsoon circulation in the world: East Asia.
The causes of monsoon are: the difference of thermal properties between land and sea, and the seasonal movement of pressure zone and wind zone.
5. Various climate types
Tropical:
Tropical rain forest climate: high temperature and rainy all the year round (climate characteristics), controlled by equatorial low pressure zone all the year round (climate reasons).
Tropical grassland climate: high temperature all year round, obvious in dry and wet seasons (climate characteristics), controlled by equatorial low pressure area in summer and trade wind area in winter. (climatic reasons).
Tropical desert climate: high temperature and little rain all the year round (climate characteristics), controlled by subtropical high pressure zone all the year round (climate reasons).
Tropical monsoon climate: high temperature throughout the year, obvious in dry and wet seasons (climate characteristics), differences in thermal properties between land and sea, and seasonal movement of pressure zone and wind zone (climate reasons).
Subtropical:
Subtropical monsoon climate: hot and rainy in summer, mild and rainy in winter (climate characteristics), and differences in thermal properties between land and sea (climate reasons).
Mediterranean climate (30-40 degrees north and south latitude on the west coast of the mainland): hot and dry in summer, mild and rainy in winter (climate characteristics), controlled by subtropical high in summer and westerly belt in mid-latitude in winter (climate reasons).
Temperate zone:
Temperate maritime climate (distributed at 40-60 degrees north and south latitude on the west coast of the mainland): cool in summer, mild in winter, with annual average precipitation (climate characteristics), which is controlled by mid-latitude westerly belt (climate reasons).
Temperate monsoon climate: hot and rainy in summer, cold and dry in winter (climate characteristics), and differences in thermal properties between land and sea (climate reasons).
Temperate continental climate: There is little hot precipitation in Leng Xia in winter, and the temperature difference between annual range and day and night is large (climate characteristics). Living inland, controlled by continental air mass all the year round (climatic reasons).
Cold regions:
Polar climate: it is cold all year round (climatic characteristics) and controlled by polar high pressure belt all year round (climatic reasons).
6. Cyclones and fronts
Front: the transition zone between air masses with different cold and warm properties.
Classification: cold front, warm front and quasi-static front.
(1) cold front: the front formed by the active movement of cold air mass to warm air mass.
When the cold front crosses the border: the wind cools down, and it rains and snows on cloudy days.
After the cold air passes through the border: the temperature drops, the air pressure rises, and the weather turns fine.
A cold front is the precipitation behind the front.
Both cold wave and sandstorm are related to cold front.
(2) Warm front: the front formed by the active movement of warm air mass to cold air mass.
Transit time of warm front: continuous precipitation.
After the warm front crosses the border: the temperature rises, the air pressure decreases and the weather turns fine.
A warm front is the precipitation in front of it.
(3) Cyclone: air vortex in low pressure area. (Central air pressure is low)
Airflow movement: counterclockwise, the airflow flows from the periphery to the center (horizontal direction). The air rises (vertically).
Weather: rainy.
A typhoon is a whirlwind.
(4) Anti-cyclone: air vortex in high pressure area. (Central air pressure is high)
Airflow movement: clockwise, the airflow flows from the center to all directions (horizontal direction). Air sinks (vertically).
Weather: sunny.
Note: The directions above and below are in the northern hemisphere, but in the southern hemisphere.
7. The movement of water
(1) Water cycle can be divided into land-sea cycle, ocean internal cycle and land internal cycle.
The main links of the water cycle include evaporation, plant transpiration, water vapor transport, condensation precipitation, infiltration and runoff (surface runoff and underground runoff). At present, surface runoff is the most affected by human activities in all aspects of the water cycle.
(2) Ocean current
Ocean currents are divided into cold currents and warm currents.
Generally speaking, the ocean current from low latitude to high latitude is warm current, and the ocean current from high latitude to low latitude is cold current.
(3) Ocean current distribution pattern map and world ocean current distribution map: see book = =
(4) Influence of ocean current on geographical environment:
Warm current increases temperature and humidity, while cold current decreases temperature and humidity.
The intersection of cold current and warm current is easy to form a fishing ground.
Ocean currents can expand the scope of pollution and accelerate the essence.
Influence of ocean current on navigation: fast forward and slow backward.
8. Crustal movement and change
(1) Geological action: divided into internal force action and external force action.
① Internal forces: magmatic activity, crustal movement, metamorphism and earthquake geothermal.
Crustal deformation caused by crustal movement becomes geological structure.
The basic forms of geological structures include folds and faults.
Rock strata bend into folds under pressure. Among them, the rock strata arch upward to become anticline (oil storage), and the rock strata bend downward to become syncline (water storage).
Rocks that rise relatively between faults are called horsts, and they often form huge mountains. (For example, Huashan and Lushan in China).
The relatively descending rocks between faults are called grabens, which usually form depressions. (For example, the Rift Valley in East Africa, Weihe Plain in Shaanxi, Fenhe River Basin in Shanxi).
The lithosphere is divided into plates by some active zones.
Plate tension zone, often forming rifts or oceans.
Plate compression zone, often forming mountains.
Earthquakes are prone to occur at the junction of plates.
② External force: weathering, erosion, transportation, deposition and consolidation into rocks.
Erosion: flowing water erosion (such as waterfalls, V-shaped valleys, gullies on the Loess Plateau, stone forests and caves) and wind erosion (such as mushroom wind erosion).
Deposition: flowing water deposition (such as alluvial plain, estuary delta and piedmont impact fan) and wind deposition (such as loess and sand dunes on the Loess Plateau).
(2) Schematic diagram of crustal material circulation:
Magma cools and condenses to form magmatic rocks;
Magmatic rocks form sedimentary rocks by external forces, and metamorphic rocks form metamorphic rocks by metamorphism;
Sedimentary rocks form metamorphic rocks through metamorphism;
Metamorphic rocks form sedimentary rocks through external forces;
Magma is formed by remelting and regenerating magmatic rocks, metamorphic rocks and sedimentary rocks.
9. The role of climate in geographical environment
The natural environment consists of climate, hydrology, landform, soil, biology and other elements.
The dimensional difference of solar radiation is the root cause of climate difference in different places.
The windward slope is rainy and the leeward slope is rainy.
10. Integrity of geographical environment and regional differences
The natural geographical environment of each place is a whole formed by the mutual influence and interaction of various elements.
Latitude zonality: the phenomenon that natural zones change regularly along the direction of latitude change. Latitude zonality is based on heat change.
Longitude zonality: the phenomenon that natural zones change regularly along the direction of longitude change. Accurate zonality is based on the change of humidity.
Vertical zonality: the hydrothermal conditions from the foot of the mountain to the top of the mountain change with the increase of height.
1 1, cold wave
Cold wave is a severe cooling phenomenon caused by cold air intrusion in winter half a year. Accompanied by strong winds, rain and snow, freezing and other weather.
Hazards of cold wave: traffic jam, telecommunication power interruption, frostbite and crop damage.
Advantages of cold wave: it is beneficial to surface heat exchange, alleviating winter drought, increasing soil organic fertilizer and benefiting the ecological balance of nature. Low temperature is the most effective natural insecticide at present.