2) Quanzhou Port, Guangzhou Port and Mingzhou Port
3) Industrial characteristics: Tangji agriculture: ① the process of ecological cycle: the combination of mulberry, silkworm and fish can save the cost of feed and fertilizer.
A. Dig ponds in low-lying areas with serious flooding, and pile up mud to hit the foundation. B. In pond culture, the pond mud is used as fertilizer to grow crops. C. Crops can also be used as feed, so that ponds and bases can be cultivated with each other, forming a benign "land-water mutual cultivation". 2 proverb: Mulberry is lush, silkworm is magnificent, and fish is fat; Pond fat, good foundation, more cocoons. ③ Classification: According to the different crops planted on the embankment, it can be divided into mulberry-based fish ponds, sugarcane-based fish ponds and fruit-based fish ponds. (4) Agriculture: accurate land use can produce rice, silk, sugar cane, fruits, flowers, fish and shrimp. ⑤ Industry: With the above raw materials, the agricultural product processing industry is developed. ⑥ Landscape change: Due to the establishment of special economic zones and the development of industries and towns, many fish ponds have been filled with soil and become factories and houses, and the land use is in a transitional state.
The economic take-off of the Pearl River Delta began in the 1980s. In just over 20 years, this area has completely changed from a closed agricultural society to an industrial society, becoming one of the four famous industrial bases in China. The population of this area accounts for 6% of the whole country, while the export accounts for 1/3 of the whole country. Together with the Yangtze River Delta, it is called the two engines of China's economy. At present, the economic growth mode of the whole Pearl River Delta has changed from extension to connotation, from labor-intensive to capital-technology intensive, from extensive management to intensive management, from traditional industry to modern industry, from urban-rural division to urban-rural integration, forming a knowledge-technology intensive industrial system with high starting point, high standards and large-scale tertiary industry and competitive main industrial clusters. In addition, it has formed comparative advantages and comprehensive advantages in transportation, communication, finance, information consultation, high technology, tourism, culture and foreign exchange.
The economic development of the Pearl River Delta region is the result of geography, history and politics. Unique geographical advantages: superior natural geographical environment, adjacent to Hong Kong and Macao, natural sea routes and good ports, and convenient foreign trade. ② Superior popularity advantage: It is one of the larger hometown of overseas Chinese in China, with more than100000 overseas Chinese in more than 30 countries and regions in the world, which is conducive to attracting investment. ③ Strong complementary advantages: As one of the international financial centers, Hong Kong is rich in capital, information resources and human resources, but the labor cost is too high and the market capacity is small; Macao is a world-famous tourist city, but its development space is narrow. The Pearl River Delta is rich in natural resources and human resources, and the rapid economic development has attracted a large number of cheap labor and technical personnel from the mainland, coupled with the radiation effect of its economy, forming a huge consumer market. Advantages of post-economic development: Compared with Hong Kong, Macao and developed regions, the Pearl River Delta is a post-development region. The geographical advantages adjacent to Hong Kong and Macao not only provide a lot of money and technology for local economic development, but also accumulate experience and lessons. Making full use of this advantage, the economy of the Pearl River Delta region has quadrupled since the reform and opening up more than 20 years ago, and at the same time, it has formed a good foundation and industrial conditions for opening up and an integrated economic structure. ⑤ Talent and technical advantages: Due to the rapid economic development and high economic benefits in the Pearl River Delta region, it has attracted a large number of technical and management talents from the mainland, forming its unique technical and talent advantages. In recent years, Guangdong Province has obtained about 50% of the total patents in China, 80% of which are in the Pearl River Delta region. The improvement of technological innovation ability is conducive to the digestion and absorption of high-tech and the adjustment and optimization of regional industrial structure.
However, there are also many problems in the process of sustainable development of the regional economy in the Pearl River Delta. Because our government has implemented the unbalanced strategy of giving priority to the development of coastal areas, the industrial development in the Pearl River Delta region has been too fast and the social wealth has increased sharply. However, with the further deepening of reform and opening up, especially the implementation of the western development strategy, the regional balance strategy has replaced the unbalanced gradient strategy in the past, and various contradictions and disadvantages have gradually emerged, mainly in the following aspects: ① The lack of technical applied talents has led to the low quality of economic development. Although the Pearl River Delta region has advantages in human resources and technology compared with other regions, from the perspective of economic development, there are still problems of low quality of workers and lack of professional technology and management talents.
(2) Insufficient capital investment leads to the slow technological transformation of enterprises. The capital investment in technological transformation and high-tech research and development is seriously insufficient. This investment situation is not conducive to the technological transformation of enterprises, but also to the innovation of core technologies, which leads to the operation of regional economy at the level of high input, high consumption and low output. (3) The unreasonable distribution of talents makes the adjustment of industrial structure full of contradictions. The ratio of talents in the three industries is about 1: 8: 7, which leads to the overall imbalance of industrial structure and unbalanced proportion. On the one hand, as a basic industry, the primary industry has too few talents in technology development and application, which affects its healthy development and weakens the overall economic development level; On the other hand, the tertiary industry, as a high-quality industry, lacks technical application and development talents, resulting in low industrial content and slow development. In this way, there is a "double constraint" effect. This is a major obstacle to the future sustainable development of the Pearl River Delta region. ④ The ability of coordinated economic and social development is poor, and the ecological balance is seriously damaged. Due to overemphasis on economic growth, immediate interests and the sustainable development of regional economy, high economic growth has become inefficient growth at the expense of the living conditions of future generations. ⑤ The technological development level is backward, the technical content of products is low, and the innovation ability of enterprises is poor. According to relevant data, the transformation rate of scientific and technological achievements in the Pearl River Delta is only about 30%, and the contribution rate of science and technology to the economy is less than 45%. The former is only 43% and 38% of the United States and Japan, while the latter is only 56% ~ 75% of the developed countries.
Tourism resources: Pearl River Delta is a compound delta composed of Beijiang River, Xijiang River Delta and Dongjiang River Delta. The Pearl River Delta in a narrow sense is a hilly delta developed in the bay, with an altitude of about 50 meters, that is, the Pearl River Delta plain with an area of about 1. 1.000 square kilometers. In the meantime, the hills are strewn at random, the rivers are vertical and horizontal, the soil layer is deep, the soil is fertile and the irrigation is convenient. It belongs to subtropical monsoon climate, rich in heat and long growing period, and can be harvested three times a year. It is rainy in spring, hot and humid in summer, frequent typhoons in summer and autumn, less cold in winter and obvious changes in four seasons. The flood season of rivers is from April to September.
Local characteristic culture: urbanization and the flow of migrant workers: economic development has greatly promoted the urbanization of the population. At present, the urbanization level in the Pearl River Delta region has reached 73%, far higher than the national average, forming a contiguous urban agglomeration with a high concentration of population and industry and strong economic radiation, forming a "Pan-Pearl River Delta Economic Circle", including Guangdong, Fujian, Jiangxi, Hainan, Hunan, Sichuan, Yunnan, Guizhou, Hong Kong and Macao (*). ② Perfecting the urban system and optimizing the spatial structure of urban and rural areas; (3) Promote the networked development of regional infrastructure and realize the enjoyment of * * *; ④ Strengthening ecological construction and improving urban and rural environment; ⑤ Establish and improve the regional coordination and cooperation mechanism. Economic development attracts a large number of migrant workers, which has a great impact on the input and output of migrant workers.
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5) First, the dual structure of Japan's economy is the main reason, and the dual structure of "promoting competition internally" and "restricting competition externally" is adopted in economic policy. Second, high-level education and high-quality labor force have enhanced the ability of enterprises. Third, high investment rate and savings rate. Fourth, introduce foreign technology quickly. Fifth, keep the exchange rate stable and fix 1 USD at 360 yen. Sixth, export-oriented and investment-oriented cooperation. Seventh, the protection policy of supporting infant industries and promoting enterprise competition. Eighth, low-digit military spending.
Rationalization of investment is also the main factor of Japan's high economic growth. According to the trend of equipment investment by industry category, 1950 is mainly fiber, chemical industry (fertilizer), ships and metals, in which the fiber industry accounts for 18.4% of the total investment. Starting from 195 1, the focus is on four basic industries: electricity, shipping, steel and coal, of which electricity accounts for 27%. 1952 in order to reduce the sunset in the coal industry and the surplus of ships in the world, the focus was changed to heavy chemical industry and machinery industry. Starting from 1953, electricity, gas and transportation occupy the first place. In addition, modernization investment can not be ignored, such as synthetic fiber, household motor, petrochemical industry, electronics industry, refrigeration industry and other new product production departments, and new industries are gradually taking shape. In this way, rational investment and modern investment are called "two-oriented investment policies" for Japan's high economic growth.
After the "dollar shock" (197 1 year), the first (1973) and the second (1979) oil crisis, Japan's current trade balance decreased from 1980/kloc-. 1987, the national average income jumped from 17 seven years ago to the first place in the world. In the same year, foreign exchange reserves also ranked first in the world. Since then, Japan is not only the largest creditor country in the world, but also the strongest "science and technology power" in the world.