Three Kingdoms, Jin Dynasty, Southern and Northern Dynasties:
In oral health care, toothpicks were first recorded in the Western Jin Dynasty. In a letter to my brother Lu Ji, Yun wrote, "One-day trip, with Cao Gong's tools and toothpicks, is now a gift to my brother" (Dacheng Zhou: A Brief History of Stomatology Development in China). Journal of Japanese Society of Stomatology History, 8 (3): 1-9, 198 1). Although its manufacturing method is unknown, it can be seen that toothpicks are rare in fashion.
Sui, Tang and Five Dynasties:
Brushing your teeth to keep your mouth clean has gradually become popular at that time. There are two main methods: "wiping teeth with poplar branches" and "wiping teeth with fingers". "Tips for Going to Taiwan" contains "Every time Yang Liuzhi bites his head soft, he wipes his teeth with medicine, which is fragrant and smooth." Finger rubbing can be found in the Dunhuang mural "The Holy Map of Old Du Fork Fighting" in the late Tang Dynasty. As for tooth powder, it is either salt or powder.
Song dynasty:
"Taiping Sheng Hui Square" points out that toothbrush manufacturers will do this sooner or later. There is also a method of applying teeth in Taiping Shenghui Prescription: boiling willow branches, Sophora branches and mulberry branches with water, adding ginger juice, asarum and so on. And I wipe my teeth every time. This is the embryonic form of today's medicinal toothpaste. There was a hair transplant toothbrush in the Song Dynasty. Song, "Health Care": "Brushing your teeth is all ponytails". In Europe, the toothbrush with hair transplant described about 500 years later is the same as that recorded in Zhou Shouzhong.
PS: After the Song Dynasty, according to the data, the oral cleaning methods in China have not been developed, but the old methods have been used. However, the medical treatment of various oral diseases has developed to a certain extent.
Attached to the record of "gargling":
"Rinsing" means washing. It has long been recorded in ancient books, such as The Book of Rites: "It is salty to wash your hands when the chicken crows at first." It shows that the habit of "washing hands" in the morning has been formed in ancient times. The word "wash" here may also include gargling. For the direct record of "gargling", see "On Stages of Evil" written by Chao in Sui Dynasty: "Too much gargling after eating makes people sick and rotten." Here refers to gargling after meals, and some people advocate gargling at night, thinking that gargling at night has a greater effect on protecting teeth. In the Song Dynasty, Zhang Liu had a "medical theory"; "People tend to support their teeth backwards. If you rinse your mouth earlier, you will get rid of the accumulation between your teeth and your teeth will be strong. " Later, more people advocated gargling twice every morning and evening; Maintain oral hygiene.
Before the invention of brushing tools, gargling was widely used in ancient times, with salt water, strong tea and wine as mouthwash. In the Tang Dynasty, Sun Simiao wrote "A Prescription for Urgent Preparation of Thousands of Gold": "Every Dan's mouth is twisted with salt, and warm water contains ..." Yanshou Book records that it is useful to gargle with strong tea. "At the end of the diet, the drum gargles with strong tea, which makes you tired and the spleen and stomach are self-harmonious. The meat is between your teeth and you have to wash it with tea. You can pick it without being picky. " Teeth are hard to hide, so they are getting stronger and stronger. Teeth are stupid and self-defeating. "According to modern pharmacological analysis, tea contains not only vitamins, but also tannins and a small amount of fluorine compounds. Tannin has antibacterial and bactericidal effects. Fluoride does have the effect of preventing dental caries. It shows that it is scientific to advocate gargling with strong tea to prevent dental caries in ancient times. As for gargling with wine, the doctor said, "Liu is over seventy years old and has never been weak." Every time he drinks, he gargles, and even when he is drunk, he never forgets, saying that it can get rid of dental diseases. "These are the rich experiences people have accumulated in their life practice. Later, on the basis of gargling, people in China developed the method of brushing teeth.
In addition, relevant scholars believe that China is the first country to use toothbrushes. Because the bone toothbrush handle was found in the tomb of Liao Dynasty, it is the earliest toothbrush in the world, which has been around for more than 1000 years. But the murals in Dunhuang Grottoes show that the ancients used the middle finger of their right hand as a "toothbrush". In the Ming dynasty, some people even advocated brushing their teeth at the same time. It can be seen that the use of toothbrushes was not common at that time.
The changing paintings of the Mogao Grottoes, such as the changes of Lao Ducha in the Tang Dynasty, depict that when the "heretics" finally convert to Buddhism, they often bathe, shave and wipe their teeth. Brushing your teeth is brushing your teeth. The ancient method of brushing teeth is just like painting: first dip some medicine in the forefinger and middle finger of one hand, put it on the teeth, and then brush it with a toothbrush.
Indians are used to brushing their teeth with poplar branches, so poplar branches are also called "wooden teeth". Moreover, in view of the important position of dental health in general health, Indians also presented poplar branches as a sign of "I wish you health". Later, this method was introduced to China, and our people gradually learned this way of brushing their teeth. The ancient medical book "The Secret of Outer Taiwan" said that biting one end with a poplar branch and wiping the teeth with medicine can make the teeth "smooth". In the past, dental wood was said to be one of the daily necessities of monks. At the beginning of the morning and after meals, monks must chew the tooth wood into thin strips to remove the debris between the teeth. It has the functions of toothbrush and toothpick. After washing your teeth, you can go to chant Buddhist scriptures and worship Buddha. There are even ten advantages of chewing poplar branches in the Buddhist sutra Huayan Jing. They are: 1. 2. Eliminate phlegm disease; 3. detoxification; 4. remove tartar; 5. Make your mouth fragrant; 6. Function name; 7. moisten the throat; 8. The lips are not wrinkled; 9. Obtaining acoustic gas; 10. It tastes bad.
Of course, although poplar is a common "dental wood" for cleaning teeth, dental wood is not limited to poplar. People can find suitable tooth cleaning materials according to local conditions. Sophora branches, peach branches and kudzu vine all have the same bitter, astringent, spicy and pungent taste as poplar branches, so they can also become tooth trees.
In the era without toothpaste, people can not only find materials to clean their teeth, but also use the method of "chewing" to clean their teeth, which seems more convenient and practical than "brushing their teeth". So, what is the effect of chewing tender branches to clean teeth? Both ancient and modern times think that it has a good effect. Li Shizhen also said that it is wonderful to use tender willow branches to "cut them into tooth branches".
References:
Traditional Chinese Medicine History Network/
Long, long ago, when human beings were primitive, both men and women were thinking about how to control fertility. The methods they use are extremely dangerous and probably useless. It is not difficult to find that with the development of civilization, various contraceptive methods came into being.
Toronto Contraceptive Museum has collected more than 600 kinds of contraceptives over the years, making it the largest contraceptive museum in the world. However, according to Pitra Goldhead, the head of the museum department, not all these contraceptive devices invented by the ancients are effective, and some of them are even harmful to the human body and have fatal consequences.
However, several contraceptive devices invented by ancient people have obviously proved to be very effective. For example, an ancient contraceptive prescription was written in Egyptian hieroglyphics on an Egyptian papyrus 3,500 years ago. According to the prescription, wool balls soaked in gum Arabic, coconut and honey can be implanted in women to prevent pregnancy. Although this prescription is very old, the experiment proves that it is very effective. Goldhead said: "Because gum Arabic contains lactic acid, it is a natural spermicide."
Ancient India: Animal Manure Contraception
In addition, in India and Egypt more than 3,000 years ago, the feces of crocodiles, elephants and other animals considered to have mysterious power were also used as contraceptives. In fact, because the feces of these animals are highly acidic, they do have a certain spermicidal effect. However, Goldhead said that the strong smell of animal feces obviously affected the "sexual interest" of ancient couples. ……& gt； & gt& gt Ancient history of contraception
The embryonic form of modern condoms: sheep intestines
There were also many superstitious methods of contraception in the Middle Ages, but these methods were obviously ineffective. For example, some medieval European women used to make amulets with small bags containing mule earwax, weasel testicles and black cat bones, and tied them to their bodies during sexual intercourse to achieve contraceptive effect.
In addition, some ancient contraceptive methods are full of dangers to the human body. For example, ancient people used to drink graphite or mercury to achieve contraceptive effect, but this dangerous method can easily lead to death. In 1930s, westerners also invented a hexagonal block-something similar to a "uterine sleeve" to prevent women from getting pregnant, but this contraceptive was later called a "tool for torturing women".
In the museum's collection, there are condoms made of sheep intestines by the ancients, which are obviously a little close to the embryonic form of modern condoms.
The ancient Greeks and Romans stuffed all kinds of things into women's vaginas. Such as lump honey, cedar gum and even crocodile dung.
In ancient China and Japan, silk oiled paper, rags and sponges were stuffed into women's vaginas as barriers. The ancients in China also used fish fat as condoms. It is conceivable that it is not easy to find a suitable fish maw because of the different sizes of male penises.
Other contraceptive methods
After sexual intercourse, squat down to discharge semen, sneeze and jump up and down. The ancient Greeks believed that cleaning the vagina with alum, wine, seawater, mixed phenol soap or vinegar could also achieve the purpose of contraception.
One of the earliest sayings about contraception comes from the Bible. In Genesis, God asked human beings to stop sexual intercourse, which is also commonly known as "abstinence method".
From 384 to 322 BC, Aristotle, an ancient Greek philosopher, was regarded as the first person who proposed using natural chemicals such as aromatic asphalt, lead-containing ointment or olibanum oil as spermicide.
Pliny, an ancient Roman writer who wrote natural history from 23 to 79 AD, advised readers to refrain from sexual desire to avoid pregnancy. He was the first person to advocate abstinence as a contraceptive method.
/kloc-In the 7th century, the physician condom of King charles ii of England invented the male condom. Its raw material is lamb cecum, and the thinness of the best product can reach 0.038 mm (the current latex condom is generally 0.030 mm). At that time, it was a great event that sensationalized the whole world. Condom doctors were knighted for this invention, and Britain earned a lot of foreign exchange for it.
Casanova, the prodigal son from 1725 to 1798, introduced the details of trying contraceptive methods in his autobiography. He described that he tried to hollow out half a lemon peel and use it as a primitive uterine cap.
1827, scientists discovered the existence of eggs, which was a major scientific breakthrough. All I know is that sperm will get pregnant after entering a woman's body. This discovery is the first step to understand human reproduction.
1832, Charles Norton, a doctor in Massachusetts, USA, invented a contraceptive solution that can be injected into the uterus through a syringe after sexual intercourse. This solution has different formulations, including salt, vinegar, liquid chlorine, zinc sulfite or potassium aluminum sulfate. In the next 40 years, injection was widely used.
1838 Friedrich Wilde, a German doctor, gave the patient a small uterine cap, which can cover the cervix during menstruation. This contraceptive method has never been widely used, but the world-famous "Wilde hat" has become the predecessor of modern uterine caps.
1839, Charles Goodyear invented rubber vulcanization technology and put it into practical application, producing rubber condoms, intrauterine devices, vaginal irrigators and uterine caps.
In 1843, scientists made it clear that when sperm meets an egg, it will become pregnant. In the past, people thought that men created life; Women only provide places for life.
In the 1970s, various contraceptives appeared in the United States, such as condoms, contraceptive sponges, irrigators and uterine caps. These can be bought from catalogues, pharmacists, dry goods stores and even rubber vendors.
1873 On March 2, the United States Congress passed the Comstock Act, which clearly stipulated that contraceptives were obscene and prohibited from spreading through the post office or interstate trade. At that time, the United States was the only western country that issued a law declaring contraception illegal.
Catherine Dexter McCormick, a patron of the disabled movement from 65438 to 0875, was born in a noble family in Dexter, Michigan.