Geography Compulsory Course 2

Chapter 1 Changes in Population

Section 1 Quantitative Changes in Population

1. Natural Growth of Population

1. Population growth in the past 10 years

The number and growth of human productive labor force in historical periods Reasons for population changes

Before the agricultural revolution, they were mainly engaged in gathering and hunting The population is small and growing slowly. People have low ability to obtain food, poor resistance to diseases and disasters, and high mortality.

From the Agricultural Revolution to the Industrial Revolution, simple tools were used to engage in agricultural activities. The population increased and the growth rate Accelerate the development of farming and irrigation technology, the food supply becomes stable and reliable, and the mortality rate decreases

After the Industrial Revolution, industrial production activities expanded and developed rapidly. The population continued to increase, and the growth rate became even more rapid. Armed with science and technology, Humanity continues to expand its ability to transform nature. People can obtain sufficient food and complete medical services, and mortality rates are reduced

2. The most fundamental factor in natural population growth: the level of productivity

Determinants: natural growth rate, birth rate, death rate

3. Differences in population growth between developed and developing countries

Natural growth rate level population growth characteristics and causes future changing trends< /p>

Developed countries maintain a low level. Affected by fertility concepts, quality of life, and socioeconomic development levels, growth is slow. In the next few decades, the population will be relatively stable, and some countries will gradually decrease

The level of developing countries is higher. Due to political independence, national economic development, medical and health progress, and mortality decline, population growth has quickly taken measures to control population. The population growth rate will slow down, but the population size will also increase

China has a relatively low level of growth and a large population base with slow growth

4. Population development must be coordinated with economic and social development and compatible with the carrying capacity of the environment.

2. Population growth model and its transformation

5. Population growth model and corresponding population problems

Population growth and population problems

History Primitive low growth stage - "high high low" model - primitive population growth too fast

Historical accelerated growth stage - "high low high" model - traditional type - Proportion of children Excessive track growth slowdown stage - slow population growth

Low growth stage - "low low low" model - modern type - aging population

6. Factors affecting the transformation of population patterns: productivity levels, national policies, natural environment, social welfare, cultural concepts

7. Why are the population growth patterns of most developing countries Not into modern style yet? Low levels of productivity, low levels of urbanization, and social systems.

Section 2 Spatial Changes in Population

1. Population Migration

1. Population migration is the change of people’s residence within the international or domestic scope. .

Three elements of population migration: change of residence, long-term time (more than 1 year), and whether the change in city spatial location crosses administrative boundaries

2. International population migration in different periods< /p>

Characteristics of the Period, Reasons and Significance of Migration Areas, Migration Areas

Before the 19th century, group and large-scale immigrants were the main ones in the Old World (Asia, Africa and Europe), the Americas, Oceania and other New Worlds, European colonialism Expansion and the development of the New World objectively developed the New World, spread industrial civilization, and also changed the spatial distribution of races

After the Second World War, the population flowed from developing countries to developed countries; settled immigrants decreased , the short-term floating population has increased, and the rapid economic development of immigrated regions such as Latin America, Asia, and Africa in Western Europe, North America, West Asia, and North Africa has adjusted the uneven spatial distribution of the labor force

3. Changes in the population of a region include population migration and increase or decrease in population.

4. Domestic population migration in different periods

The self-sufficient agricultural economy is fragile; frequent wars; natural disasters; government organizations to "garrison the border"

The influence of the times Characteristics of factor migration

In ancient times, they were deeply constrained by rulers and their administrative power; the self-sufficient agricultural economy was fragile; frequent wars; natural disasters; government organizations "camping for reclamation and guarding borders"; large numbers of people moving in to areas with poorer natural conditions Good areas

Contemporary China was greatly influenced by national political policies from the founding of China to the mid-1980s

The country implemented a planned economic system and a strict household registration management system, which was planned and organized in the east ——Northwest and Northeast

Coastal——Inland

National reform and opening up policy since the mid-1980s

Economic factors play a leading role (reform and opening up policy ) The migration flow is large, and the flow direction changes from the west to the eastern coastal cities and industrial and mining areas

Rural areas to cities

5. The significance of population migration in my country: adjusting the spatial distribution of population and talent shortage; Strengthen ethnic integration and cultural exchanges; promote economic development and narrow regional differences.

6. The effect of population migration

Actively provide cheap labor to the moving areas, save education costs, and promote the economic development of the moving areas

Negatively create factors of instability , exacerbating the contradiction between people and land

Actively alleviate the contradiction between people and land in the relocated areas, improve the environment, increase income (foreign exchange), and strengthen economic, social and cultural exchanges with economically developed areas

Negative talents Outmigration

Other effects change population distribution and population structure; promote economic and cultural exchanges among ethnic groups; promote genetic exchange and integration of population groups

2. Factors affecting population migration

1. Main factors: First, changes in the natural environment and socio-economic environment; second, changes in personal life or career needs.

——Economic factors, ecological environment, political factors, social changes, religion, personal motivations and needs

Under certain specific time and space conditions, any factor is possible Become a decisive factor in promoting population migration.

2. The United States

1) Factors that promote the United States to become a country of immigrants:

① The development of the New World requires a large amount of labor force

②15 —In the 16th century, during the European Enclosure Movement, unemployed workers and bankrupt farmers moved to the Americas in pursuit of better economic conditions

③New routes were opened, clearing obstacles for people to migrate smoothly

④Colonial expansion, plundering American resources and wealth

2) Internal population migration in the United States

Causes of migration during the period Migration flow

Civil War in the mid-19th century - political population Large-scale westward migration

The development of industrialization and urbanization at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries - the flow of the economy from rural areas to cities

Agricultural crises and natural disasters from the 1920s to the 1960s ——Economic and ecological environment: The population from the south moved to the north and west

From the late 1960s to the early 1970s, the environment of the old industrial base in the Northeast deteriorated, and the west and south had new resources and new industries in the sunshine belt - economy, The ecological environment and personal motivation needs moved from the northeast to the south and west

After the 1970s, the urban environment improved and the economic reconstruction of old industrial areas (economy, ecological environment) population returned to old industrial areas and cities

Section 3 Reasonable Capacity of Population

1. Environmental Carrying Capacity

1. Environmental carrying capacity refers to the number of people that the environment can sustainably support.

Population is an important indicator of environmental carrying capacity.

2. Environmental population capacity: The environmental population capacity of a country or region is determined by using local resources and other resources, intelligence, technology and other conditions within a foreseeable period, and reporting to the government and social and cultural standards. The number of people that a country or region can sustainably support given its material living standards.

3. The relationship between various factors of environmental population capacity

The level of scientific and technological development————Determines the development quantity

Resources———— Environmental population capacity

Levels of living and cultural consumption—the most important factors that determine consumption

Among various factors, the level of scientific and technological development is positively correlated with the population capacity of Huanujing. There is a negative correlation between cultural consumption level and environmental population capacity, and a positive correlation between resources and environmental population capacity.

4. The environmental population capacity is uncertain and relatively stable.

2. Reasonable Population Capacity

1. Reasonable Population Capacity: Under the premise of ensuring a healthy living standard according to a reasonable lifestyle without hindering the quality of life of the future population, a The country or region is most suitable for the Russian population. ——An ideal "imaginary number" whose exact value is difficult to determine.

2. Significance: It is of great significance for formulating the population strategy and population policy of a region or country, which in turn affects the regional economic and social development strategy.

3. For the entire world

(1) The international community should advocate that governments of all countries, especially developing countries, should do their best to control the population within a reasonable scale.

(2) Establish a fair order and ensure that most people have equal rights to continuously pursue a high level of quality of life.

(3) Respect the objective law of coordinated development of man and land, and formulate sustainable development strategies for the region according to local conditions, so as to maintain a good ecological balance and continuously improve the quality of people's lives.

Chapter 2 Cities and Urbanization Section 1 Urban Internal Spatial Structure

1. Urban Form

Urban Form: Clusters, Groups, Strips or Radial

Influencing factors City center attraction

Urban land restrictions or river obstructions in plain areas, planning controls, etc.

Mountain areas and river obstructions are distributed along traffic lines or affected by Terrain restrictions

River valley area

The components of the regional form are relatively concentrated. A city is composed of several areas. Each area organizes its own production and life nearby, and the cities are not connected to each other. The area extends along the main traffic arteries or terrain areas

The main advantages are that it is convenient to centrally install relatively complete infrastructure, the utilization rate of various facilities is high, it is convenient for life and management, it saves investment, it is convenient for the city to expand its scale, and it is conducive to protection. Urban environment: All parts of the city are close to the suburbs and close to nature

The main disadvantages are that the urban polluted land is easily scattered, and the connections between the areas are inconvenient. Municipal construction investment and transportation in big cities are mainly concentrated in one direction, and the transportation distance is long

The city is far from Chengdu, Hefei, Washington, Chongqing, Shanghai Pudong New Area, Luoyang, Xining, Yichang, Lanzhou, Yan'an

2. Urban land use and functional zoning

1. Functional zoning: Various economic activities in the city compete with each other for space, resulting in a high concentration of similar activities in space.

2. Division: commercial area, residential area, industrial area, municipal and public service area, industrial area, transportation and warehousing area, scenery and urban green space, special function area, etc.

3. Characteristics of the central business district (New York’s CBD - Manhattan):

① The central business district is the busiest place for economic activities in the city ② The population has a large difference between day and night ③ The buildings are tall and dense ④ There are obvious divisions within the central business district

5. Three basic urban regional functional divisions

Functional divisions, morphological characteristics and locations

The commercial district covers a small area, The busiest economic activities are in the form of points or strips; the population varies greatly between day and night, and the buildings are tall and dense; there are obvious internal divisions of the city center, on both sides of the main traffic lines and at street corners

Industrial areas are clustered into pieces and are constantly moving towards The outer edge of the urban area moves and tends to the outer edge of the urban area along the main traffic arteries, on both sides of the traffic arteries

Residential areas cover a large area and are the main functional divisions of the city. After industrialization, differentiation appeared in terms of building quality. High-end residential areas are differentiated from low-end residential areas; in terms of location, they are higher than low-end residential areas and develop backwards. The outer edges of high-end cities are connected with high slopes and cultural areas.

The low-level inner cities are connected with lowlands and industrial areas

1. In the city, the distribution and combination of different functional areas constitute the city's internal spatial structure, also called the urban regional structure.

2. Urban regional structure model:

Examples of causes of structural model characteristics

Concentric circle model The urban form is concentrated and compact, and the urban functional areas are concentric with a small city center. Circular plain terrain, the city's various functional areas have continuously invaded and migrated, and expanded from the core to the outside in concentric circles. Chengdu

Fan-shaped model The city's functional areas expand outward in a fan-like manner (each functional area expands along the traffic lines Line extension) Shenyang

The multi-core model city does not rely on a single core for development, but forms a central business district, wholesale business district, residential area, industrial area and suburbs around several cores, as well as relatively independent satellite cities and other multi-functional areas, and they jointly form urban areas. As the city continues to expand, new cores have emerged in the suburbs far away from the city center due to high land prices, traffic and residential congestion in the original city center. At the same time, they are also affected by rivers, Topography and other factors affect Zibo

3. Influencing factors:

Main factors: Economic factors - depends on the rent-paying ability of each functional zone, the level of land rent (transportation accessibility, distance from the city Center distance)

History and culture (Beijing), race and religion (black areas), architectural design (the layout of European medieval cities around churches), natural conditions (urban high slopes and lowlands), administrative factors

Section 2: Service Functions of Different Levels of Cities

1. Different Levels of Cities

1. Criteria for city level classification: based on urban population size

Megacities - large cities with a population of more than 1 million - medium cities with a population of 500,000 to 1 million - small cities with a population of 200,000 to 500,000 - less than 200,000 people

2. Different levels of urban services The scope and types are different. Big cities provide many types of services, with high levels and relatively large service scope.

3. Factors affecting the scope of urban services:

Influencing factors affect performance

Cities located in resource-rich areas can obtain support for further development of the city. Resource conditions provide cities with abundant material conditions, abundant labor conditions, and abundant urban land

Transportation conditions Cities located at transportation hubs can provide services to residents further away through convenient transportation, expanding their service scope Railway hub cities, highway hub cities, port cities, etc.

Population conditions Cities provide goods and services to residents in the service area, and the service population must reach a certain scale. Cities located in densely populated areas have relatively small service scope; on the contrary , the service scope of cities located in sparsely populated areas is relatively large

2. Enlightenment of the urban hierarchy system in southern Germany

1. In the same area, the combination of urban space at different levels is enough Establish a city hierarchy for a region.

2. The service scope of cities of different levels is nested layer by layer.

3. The relationship between the number of cities at different levels, mutual distance, service scope, and urban functions: "The higher the number, the farther the more, the lower the more the smaller, the smaller the small." (The city level is high, and the city trees are They are far apart from each other, with a large service scope and many urban functions; the city level is low, with a large number of cities, close to each other, with a small service scope and few urban functions. The service scopes of cities of different levels are nested layer by layer, with larger ones nesting smaller ones. . )

4. Central place theory:

(1) The service scope of a central place is hexagonal around the central place.

(2) It is the function of market principles

(3) The service scope of a higher-level center is equivalent to the service scope of three lower-level centers.

Section 3 Urbanization

1. What is urbanization

1. The process of population gathering in cities and towns, the expansion of urban areas, and the transformation of rural areas into towns. , that is, urbanization.

2. Symbols of urbanization:

① The proportion of urban population in the total population continues to rise

② The labor force gradually shifts from the primary industry to the secondary and tertiary industries Transfer

③ The scale of urban land continues to expand

3. The driving force of urban development: social and economic development - the main driving force

(1) Thrust: What are the Factors in the crowd heading towards the village. (The rural population is growing rapidly and puts great pressure on land; rural incomes are low and social services are in short supply; rural areas are greatly affected by natural disasters)

(2) Pull: factors that attract people to cities. (There are many employment opportunities in cities; a high degree of social welfare protection in cities; complete cultural facilities; and convenient transportation in cities.

4. A measure of a country’s urbanization level: expressed as the proportion of urban population to the total population, which reflects

5. The significance of urbanization: population transformation, changes in industrial structure, development of industry, development of science and technology, narrowing the distance between cities and rural areas, and the gradual change of culture, ideas, concepts, and lifestyles. Convergence.

2. The process of world urbanization

1. The process of world urbanization

Countries with problems and new trends in the development stages of urbanization. and regions

In the initial stage, the urbanization level is low and the development is slow. There are few problems. Developing countries are in the period of low urbanization level.

In the acceleration stage, population and industries are rapidly gathering in cities. With the advancement of urbanization, there will soon be a labor surplus, traffic congestion, housing shortage, and environmental deterioration, resulting in suburban urbanization.

In the later stage, the level of urbanization is relatively high, and the growth of the proportion of urban population has slowed down or even stagnated. The performance of central areas Developed countries showing signs of decline and counter-urbanization phenomenon

2. Differences in the urbanization process between developed and developing countries

Country type Starting time Current speed Urbanization level Urban population proportion Reasons for the stage

Developed countries early

(Britain as early as the mid-18th century)

Slow down (stagnation)

High

High (more than 70%)

In the later mature stage, capitalism developed earlier, agricultural modernization developed, and a large number of agricultural laborers moved to cities

Developing countries later

(Mid-20th century) The speed is accelerating low (less than 40%) The victory of the national independence movement in the early and mid-term acceleration stage The economy develops rapidly

4. Suburban urbanization: The scale of cities continues to expand. The process of population and industry spreading to suburbs

Counter-urbanization: Due to the high concentration of urban population, urban overcrowding, environmental deterioration, land shortage, and reduced quality of life

3. Impact of urbanization on the geographical environment

1. Manifestations of impact: reduction in biodiversity; decline in land quality; impact on water cycle; impact on climate.

2. The impact of urbanization on the geographical environment:

3. Main measures to solve urban environmental problems: 1) Strictly control the scale of large cities, decentralize their functions, and build new districts and satellite cities , strive to promote suburban urbanization to relieve the pressure on urban central areas; 2) Properly plan the city, strengthen urban management, and properly handle the relationship between the city's functional zoning.

4. Ways to reduce the impact of urbanization on the geographical environment: on the one hand, in urban construction, develop low-pollution, energy-saving buildings and green transportation to reduce environmental pollution from various activities; on the other hand, cities The landscape should be coordinated with natural landscapes such as mountains, rivers, and lakes as much as possible to establish a virtuous cycle.

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