1, free trade policy
Free trade policy means that the state does not interfere in the import and export of goods and does not set restrictions or obstacles on imported goods; No privileges and preferences are granted to export commodities, freedom is allowed, and commodities are allowed to compete freely in domestic and foreign markets.
The historical background of free trade policy is the period of free competition of capitalism (18th century to19th century), and it is mainly implemented in countries such as Britain and the Netherlands, which first entered capitalism and had advantages in economy and competition. Its main representatives are English classical economists Adam Smith and david ricardo.
2. Protective trade policy
Protective trade policy means that the state actively intervenes in the import and export of commodities, uses various measures to restrict the import of commodities, and protects the domestic market and domestic production from foreign commodity competition; Give preferential treatment and subsidies to domestic export commodities and encourage the expansion of exports.
In different historical stages, protective trade policies can be divided into mercantilism, infant industry protection policy, beyond protective trade policy and new trade protectionism because of their different protection objects, purposes and means.
3. Managing trade policies
Managing trade policy, also known as coordinating trade policy, means that the state formulates a series of domestic trade policies and regulations, strengthens foreign trade management, and realizes the orderly and healthy development of a country's foreign trade; Negotiate and sign bilateral, regional and multilateral trade treaties or agreements, and coordinate the rights and obligations with other trading partners in economic and trade.
Since 1980s, the policy of managing trade has been gradually formed under the dual background of increasingly close international economic ties and the rise of new trade protectionism.
In this context, in order to protect the domestic market and ensure the normal development of the world economy without damaging the international trade order, governments of various countries have strengthened the management and coordination of foreign trade, thus gradually forming trade management policies or trade coordination policies.
Managed trade is a foreign trade policy between free trade and protected trade. It is a coordinated and managerial international trade system and the development direction of foreign trade policies in various countries.
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The main basis for formulating foreign trade policies
Foreign trade policies include both consistent policies (that is, policies that guide foreign trade in a long period of time) and temporary policies and measures that are formulated according to changed circumstances and only take effect in a certain period of time. Therefore, the formulation of a country's foreign trade policy should follow the following basis:
1. A country's position in the world economy and its economic development strategy.
2, a country's resources, products, industrial structure, market economy status.
The above two factors are the main factors that a country should participate in politics when formulating its medium and long-term foreign trade policy, which determines whether a country chooses free trade policy or protective trade policy.
3. Under the guidance of the general policy (i.e. free trade or protective trade policy), a country's industrial development level, technical level, product competitiveness, etc. It also determines the basis for a country to formulate relevant policies and measures at different times.
For example, policies such as encouraging exports, restricting exports, restricting imports, and protecting national industries and infant industries.
4. Due to the change of political environment, great changes have taken place in the economic and diplomatic relations between countries, which can also lead to partial or major adjustments of a country's trade policy.
A country's foreign trade policy should adapt to its domestic economic policy. Such as industrial adjustment policy, financial policy, foreign exchange policy and foreign investment policy.
Baidu Encyclopedia-International Trade Policy
Baidu Encyclopedia-Foreign Trade Policy