First, Japan's industrial policy during the period of rapid economic development
(A) industrial structure upgrading strategy
From 65438 to 0957, the Japanese government put forward "industrial structure upgrading" as the basic policy for the first time in the new long-term economic plan. As a continuation of this plan, the national income doubling plan of 1960 puts forward a concrete plan to implement heavy chemical industrialization. In order to give priority to the development of heavy chemical industry, the government adopts preferential policies for heavy chemical industry in finance. In terms of financial policy, preferential loans are given to heavy chemical industrial enterprises by establishing a "financial system to improve industrial structure". At the same time, the bank also set up special funds for heavy chemical industry enterprises to solve the capital needs of enterprises to introduce and popularize advanced technologies. Moreover, the government's public investment is mainly used for infrastructure and serves the development of strategic industries. The essence of heavy chemical industrialization is to vigorously develop heavy industry and chemical industry. During the period of 1956 ~ 1973, the equipment investment of heavy chemical industry increased sharply, with the steel, petroleum and chemical sectors being 178 billion, 8.5 billion and 147 billion respectively, while the total investment of textile industry, the largest industry in light industry, was only 5.5 billion dollars. Secondly, a large number of foreign advanced heavy chemical industrial technologies were introduced, accounting for three quarters of the imported technologies of manufacturing industry. (Note: Economic Planning Department (Japan). Economic white paper [M]. 1979480. )
By developing heavy chemical industry, Japan has upgraded its industrial structure and promoted the rapid realization of economic modernization. Mainly manifested in: First, it promoted large-scale equipment renewal, laying a solid material and technical foundation for the rapid development of Japan's economy. Second, the industrial structure has undergone tremendous changes (see table 1).
Table 1 Proportion of Japan's three major industries in domestic net output (%)
The primary industry, secondary industry and tertiary industry in the 1990 s
1955 23. 1 28.6 28.6
1975 6.6 35.8 57.5
Source: Summary of Quadrupling the Economy of Different Countries, Qinghai People's Publishing House, p. 145.
In the 1970s, the oil crisis led to worldwide economic depression, Japan could no longer obtain cheap oil, and the production cost increased greatly. The dollar crisis added fuel to the fire, and the Japanese economy entered a period of low growth. In order to further promote economic development, the Japanese government has given a new meaning to "advanced industrial structure": from "heavy industrialization" to "knowledge-intensive", "knowledge-intensive industry" has become a leading industry, reducing energy and raw material consumption, upgrading industries and forming new economic growth points. With the development of economy, Japan's industrial policy has different connotations in different periods.
(2) Give priority to the development of machinery industry.
The development trend of manufacturing industry is the central content of industrial structure adjustment and change. To this end, Japan has enacted the Law on Temporary Measures for the Revitalization of Machinery Industry (referred to as the Law on Mechanical Vibration). The Mechanical Vibration Law stipulates that 14 the basic departments that provide machine tools, electric tools, bearings and other technical equipment belong to "specific machinery industries". The funds needed for the development of specific machinery industries are guaranteed by the government. Private enterprises can enjoy preferential tax reduction and exemption when investing in specific machinery industries. After the 1960s, the Japanese government extended the "Mechanical Vibration Law" by 10 year, and continued to support the development of machinery industry, making it catch up with developed countries in Europe and America in some major aspects. Due to giving priority to the development of machinery industry, Japanese industry had been equipped with the most advanced technology and equipment in the world by the early 1970s, and the technological superiority of machinery industry became the "secret weapon" for Japan to establish an economic miracle during the period of rapid economic growth. Characterized by "high, precise and sophisticated" manufacturing technology, with high market share and rapid product technology innovation as weapons, it has created the globalization era of Japanese manufacturing industry.
(3) the strategy of "building the country through science and technology" by introducing and absorbing foreign advanced technology and promoting domestic technology upgrading.
While focusing on developing heavy chemical industry and machinery manufacturing, Japan is facing a series of problems such as outdated equipment and backward technology, which have become the bottleneck restricting its development. In view of this situation, Japan has implemented an absorption technology strategy focusing on introduction, imitation, improvement and innovation. The main measures are: (1) promulgated the foreign exchange and foreign trade law and the foreign investment law, and established the attraction of foreign investment in the form of law. (2) Promulgate key industry policies to guide the imported technology to flow to emerging industries such as petroleum, chemistry, electronics and synthetic fibers. (3) The government chooses large enterprises that can undertake the introduction of new technologies and gives them legal protection.
Technology introduction has played an important role in Japan's economic development. During the short 15 years from 1955 to 1970, Japan imported 24,965,438 technologies, costing 5.74 billion US dollars, saving 60% of the time and 90% of the research funds. (Note: Yi Lee. Adjustment of industrial structure and exploration of Japan's new economy [J]. World Economic Guide, 2002, (5). Japan overtook advanced countries in a short period of time, and imported technology played an important role. Through the transformation and innovation of imported technology, Japan formed new technologies with independent intellectual property rights, which in turn earned foreign exchange through export. In 1955, Japan's technology export has been slightly profitable, accounting for 1.2% of its import value, 2.4% in 1960, 10.2% in 1965 and/kloc. 197 1 year, the Japanese government proposed to turn to "knowledge-intensive industries" in the "Trade Policy Outlook in the 1970s", and the independent development of technology was paid more attention and its ability was getting stronger and stronger. 1975, the ratio of technology export to import reached nearly 1∶4. (Note: Summary of quadrupling the economy of different countries [M]. Qinghai People's Publishing House, 14 1. )
(D) the implementation of trade liberalization policy
From 65438 to 0955, Japan joined General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and International Monetary Fund (IMF). This requires it to implement trade liberalization. At that time, there was a big gap between Japanese enterprises and western developed countries in scale and technical level, and the number of enterprises that could participate in international competition was very limited. Therefore, the implementation of trade liberalization is extremely unfavorable to Japanese industrial development. Therefore, Japan first liberalized the field of raw materials, enabling Japan to import raw materials and fuels at low prices internationally. By August of 1963, the import liberalization rate reached 92%. The liberalization of raw material import has reduced the price of industrial products and improved the international competitiveness of Japanese products. Secondly, implement trade protection for key industries such as automobiles, computers and heavy machinery. Until 1965, the scale of industries such as electronics, machinery, automobiles, steel, electric power and petroleum expanded rapidly, and the international competitiveness was greatly enhanced. Only when Japan occupied an important position in the world market and was able to resist international competition did it gradually implement trade liberalization.
On the other hand, through the industrial organization policy, Japan has accelerated the large-scale and collectivization of enterprises and improved the mechanization and automation level of industrial production, thus realizing economies of scale and enhancing international competitiveness. Under the impetus of the government, Mitsubishi merged with Sanlian Company on 1964; 1966 Nissan Motor Company merged with Prince Motor Company; 1968, Japanese merchants merged with Iwai; 1970, at that time, two major steel enterprises, BaBa and Fuji, ranked first and eighth in the Japanese steel industry, merged. (Note: Ryutaro Komiya et al., Japanese Industrial Policy [M]. International cultural publishing company,1998,62. The merged enterprises have large scale, strong strength and strong competitiveness, which have played a great role in realizing rapid economic development.
(5) The compound system of government, officials and finance.
The above specific industrial policies are based on the Japanese government's strong management of enterprises. After World War II, the starting point of Japan's economic development was much lower than that of North America and Western Europe. In order to catch up, the Japanese government has adopted a "government, official and financial system", that is, the Japanese government's planning strategy, banks provide loans according to the guidance of the government, and enterprises make development plans and organize production according to the guidance of government policies. The government, banks and enterprises have established close contact and cooperation, and the government has become the starting center of the pulse of economic activities. Therefore, Japan's economy is called "typical government-led market economy". This system strongly supports the development of enterprises, but it also has many disadvantages, such as misleading the development of enterprises, excessive dependence on the government, collusion between government and enterprises leading to corruption and so on.