Development Achievements and Difficulties of Construction Industry/China Construction Enterprise Management Association
Since the reform and opening-up, the construction industry, as the pioneering field of China's urban economic system reform, has taken the lead in bearing all kinds of costs brought by the system reform in the process of transition from planned economy to market economy, providing valuable experience for the reform of other industries. At present, it has become one of the most market-oriented industries.
Achievements and characteristics of construction industry development
Construction industry is an important pillar industry to promote economic development.
With the rapid development of China's economic construction and the large-scale growth of fixed assets investment, the pillar position of the construction industry in the national economy is becoming more and more obvious. According to the data analysis in 2005, among the 20 industries in the national economy, the construction industry ranks fifth, accounting for 5.4% of China's GDP. According to historical data, the added value of the construction industry has developed from 1978 to10/3.4 billion yuan in 2005, with an average annual growth rate of 17%, making it an important pillar industry of the national economy. Except for the short-term fluctuations in the early 1990s, the added value of the construction industry has remained at around 5% ~ 6% of GDP, and the position of the pillar industry is very stable. In addition, the construction industry also generates about $30 billion in foreign exchange income for the country every year, which is an important force in China's foreign trade and economic cooperation.
International experience shows that during the period of accelerating industrialization and urbanization, the speed of economic development is obviously accelerated, the proportion of fixed assets investment is rapidly rising, and the status of construction industry as a pillar industry of the national economy will be continuously strengthened. At present, China is still in the rising period of accelerated development of industrialization and urbanization, the output share of the construction industry will be further increased, and the position of the construction industry in the national economy will be further improved and strengthened.
The field of construction is an important social "stability" link in the process of industrialization and urbanization in China.
As the largest developing country, China has distinct dual economic characteristics. In the process of industrialization and urbanization in China, a large number of rural laborers have entered non-agricultural industries, and the rural population has changed into urban population. According to the statistics of new employment in the past ten years, the construction industry constitutes one of the most stable areas to absorb employment.
From the employment structure in 2002, the number of employees in the construction industry ranked third in non-agricultural employment, after manufacturing, wholesale, retail and catering; In 2002, the number of employed people reached 38.93 million, accounting for 12.4% of all non-agricultural employees. Manufacturing ranks first in non-agricultural employment, accounting for 26.5%.
However, if we look at the employment increment structure from1995 to 2002 dynamically, because the national economy is in the downward cycle (the GDP growth rate is obviously slowing down), employees such as manufacturing and mining have been in a negative growth trend, and industries such as wholesale, retail, catering, construction and social services have shown the function of "mainstay", ensuring the growth momentum of non-agricultural employment. New jobs in non-agricultural industries accounted for 35%, 30% and 20% respectively. While absorbing a large number of rural surplus labor, the construction industry has increased farmers' income, promoted the coordinated development of urban and rural areas and played a positive role in maintaining social stability.
Because of the characteristics of "bitter, tired and dirty", most of the labor absorbed by the construction industry comes from migrant workers or other hard industries. In 2005, there were about 8.54 million formal employees in the construction industry, 43.83 million industrial employees and 35.29 million informal employees. According to analysis and calculation, in recent years, the number of migrant workers absorbed by the construction industry has increased by an average of 6.5438+0.8 million to 2 million per year, and the construction industry has become one of the important ties linking urban and rural economies.
The construction industry has provided a huge surplus for the sustained and rapid development of the national economy.
After entering this century, China's national economy began to enter a new round of growth cycle, with the rapid growth of fixed assets investment, and the proportion of investment in national output continued to rise. The construction area and the number of employees in the construction field have increased significantly. It should be said that the upsurge of national economy provides a very good market environment for the construction industry. However, it is a "strange" phenomenon that the output share of the construction industry has not increased significantly or even decreased.
The reason for this "strange" phenomenon is that the demand for building products is rising rapidly, but the supply of building capacity is growing faster. Because the construction industry is a labor-intensive industry, the main input factor is simple labor, and the existence of a large number of rural surplus labor and hidden unemployed people makes the labor supply almost "infinite". From 1995 to 2002, the wages of all industries in the whole society increased by 12.8% on average every year, while the wages of construction workers only increased by 8.6%. Compared with the supply capacity of the construction industry, the supply elasticity of design, consultation and supervision of construction projects and investment products such as building materials and machinery and equipment is much smaller. Therefore, since 2000, the high growth of investment in China has brought benefits to the construction market, mostly from the tertiary industry (design, consulting, supervision and other industries) and investment products (steel, cement and other building materials, machinery and equipment), while the proportion of "construction and installation costs" in the total investment has been declining for many years.
The decline in the proportion of "construction and installation expenses" (which constitute the source of the construction industry's remuneration or output value) in the total investment is the main reason for maintaining the price stability of construction products during the period of high national economy. At the same time, the decline of this proportion means that the construction industry (including the vast number of construction enterprises and their employees) has provided a large number of "consumer surplus" for various fields of the national economy, including the government and enterprises, and has made great contributions to the stable, rapid and sustained growth of the entire national economy.
The international competitiveness of China's construction industry has improved significantly.
The contract value of foreign contracted projects in China increased by 10.4% on average during the Ninth Five-Year Plan period and reached 2 1% during the Tenth Five-Year Plan period. Judging from the growth trend, after China joined the WTO in 2006, the growth rate of China's overseas contracted projects has obviously accelerated, reaching 5438+0. The scope of contracted projects has been continuously expanded, from the initial housing construction and transportation fields to high-tech fields such as metallurgy, petroleum, chemical industry, electric power, communication, aviation, aerospace and peaceful use of atomic energy, and the scientific and technological content and the ability to drive the export of domestic mechanical and electrical products have been further improved.
In the "going out" team, construction enterprises have emerged a number of advantageous backbone forces such as China Architecture, China Port, China Transportation and China Railway. Many projects have been well received by the host government and owners.
Main problems existing in the current development of construction industry
The economic benefit is not high and the burden on enterprises is heavy.
For a long time, the profit rate of output value of the construction industry has been maintained at 2%~3%, which is a low-profit industry in the national economy. In 2005, the debt ratio was as high as 65%, which was the highest in the secondary industry, 8 percentage points higher than the average asset-liability ratio of the national secondary industry of 56.8%. The heavy debt burden restricts the healthy development of the construction industry.
At present, the most serious industrial sector in the whole society is the construction industry, which makes the debt burden of this industry worse. The lack of capital accumulation and operation ability of construction enterprises hinders their own development. At present, enterprises have almost no ability to accumulate capital and accumulate development. Bad behaviors, such as arrears in project payment, early construction, unreasonable price reduction and profit-making competition, kickbacks, etc. , exacerbating the difficulties brought about by the lack of funds in enterprises.
The per capita capital level is low and the labor productivity is low.
The capital content of the construction industry is low. In 2005, the per capita fixed assets was 28,000 yuan, only a quarter of the average level of the secondary industry 1 1.24 yuan. Compared with other industries in the secondary industry, due to the low level of per capita capital, the labor productivity of the construction industry is naturally low, ranking eighth from the bottom among 40 industries. The per capita labor productivity (calculated by gross output value) is 1 1.7 million, which is far below the national average of 239,000.
The proportion of professional and technical personnel is not high, and the industry income level is low.
The quality of employees in construction enterprises is not high and the proportion of professional and technical personnel is low. According to the caliber of employees, the proportion of technicians in the construction industry is 4.6%, which is only higher than the three industries of agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery, residential service and wholesale, retail and catering, ranking fourth from the bottom.
The income level of the construction industry is relatively low. In 2004, the annual income of employees was 14338 yuan, which was only higher than that of agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery and accommodation and catering industry, accounting for 35% of the highest annual income.
Insufficient investment in technological innovation will affect the promotion of industry competitiveness for a long time.
Low profit and high debt ratio in the construction industry are the fundamental reasons for the serious shortage of investment in science and technology in the whole industry. In addition, the awareness that enterprises rely on proprietary technology and enterprise standards to lead the market is not strong enough. Many construction enterprises lack proprietary technology and patented technology with independent intellectual property rights, and their technological competitive advantage is not strong. A good technical innovation cooperation mechanism has not yet been formed between construction enterprises or with scientific research institutions and related institutions. At the same time, there is a lack of effective incentive mechanism for technological innovation in the construction industry and insufficient protection of intellectual property rights. These will affect the competitiveness of the industry in the long run.
Enterprise restructuring has a long way to go.
In recent years, some progress has been made in the restructuring of construction enterprises, and private enterprises have become the main force of the industry. At present, the number of private enterprises accounts for 74.5% of all enterprises, with output value accounting for 68% and employees accounting for 66%. However, the problems of single property right and outstanding financial risk of state-owned enterprises, which are the key forces in the industry, are still the main factors restricting the sustainable development of the industry in the future, especially the reform of property right system of large state-owned construction enterprises at the central and provincial levels is relatively backward. In recent ten years, the share of state-owned enterprises has dropped from 3 1% to 10.2%, the share of employed people has dropped from 55% to 17.8%, and the share of total output value has dropped from 63% to 24.4%. But on the whole, the mission of state-owned enterprises to withdraw from the competitive field has not been completed, and the task of self-transformation of construction enterprises in accordance with the modern enterprise system is far from in place.
The state-owned enterprises in the west have heavy burdens, many social functions and high reform costs, which affect the process of enterprise restructuring, and then lead to the long-term weakness of the whole western region, and the gap with the rapid restructuring of the eastern region is getting bigger and bigger.
The legal system is not perfect and the market order is still quite chaotic.
The outstanding problems in the construction industry include the following aspects:
Market access. At the same time, there are still some barriers in the field of professional building construction. This entry threshold has a more obvious impact on private enterprises. Between regions, the protectionist stance and policy measures of local governments have directly affected the formation of a unified, open and competitive construction market, greatly increased the burden on enterprises, affected the development of enterprises, and hindered the improvement of efficiency in the construction field.
The implementation of bidding system and market fairness. In bidding, the owners used the weak position of bidders to force construction enterprises to sign "Yin-Yang contracts", advance funds and accept discounted prices. This phenomenon still exists, undermining the principles of fairness, justice and openness.
Market integrity. At present, the process of credit system construction is still slow, and the phenomenon of imperfect credit system has not been fundamentally improved. The phenomenon of lack of credit mostly happens to investment owners, who take advantage of the weak position of construction enterprises and infringe on their rights and interests.
There is a dilemma of not abiding by the law and lax enforcement. The key lies in our legal environment. On the one hand, the rule of law is not perfect and there are loopholes in laws and regulations. On the other hand, the phenomenon of non-compliance with laws and lax enforcement is still serious, and many cases occur because of the intervention of the government or state-owned departments.
We will continue to strengthen the national financial, tax and credit support policies to promote the construction enterprises to implement the "going out" strategy. First, we can consider setting up a risk compensation fund to encourage the construction industry to implement the "going out" strategy. The source of the fund can be set up by means of state financial subsidies and industry overall planning, which is mainly used for construction equipment and equipment investment subsidies, loan interest subsidies, loss subsidies, etc. Construction enterprises contract projects with foreign countries. Second, the full export tax rebate policy is implemented for the export of building materials products driven by foreign contracted projects of construction enterprises; All foreign gains made by the construction industry are exempted or reduced from corporate income tax to enhance the comprehensive competitiveness of the domestic construction industry; Third, domestic banks, especially policy banks such as The Export-Import Bank of China and China Development Bank, should gradually increase credit support for construction enterprises to contract international projects, and provide sufficient credit guarantee in accordance with international practice, so as to effectively solve the "financing difficulties" and credit guarantee problems of domestic construction industry contracting projects abroad.
Effectively strengthen the guidance and guidance of the state on the implementation of the "going out" strategy in the construction industry. First, the national investment authorities, commercial departments and construction management departments should strive to strengthen communication and cooperation, collect, sort out and publish the relevant information of major foreign countries' engineering construction markets in time, and provide information guidance and guidance for the construction industry's foreign engineering contracting, subcontracting and labor export cooperation activities; Second, the focus of various domestic overseas institutions should gradually change from "political diplomacy" to "economic diplomacy" to provide services for the whole process of contracting construction projects in the host country, including bidding, construction implementation, project settlement, entry and exit of construction enterprises and personnel, and external environment coordination.
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